Balti Cultural References and Words Explained

This text delves into various Balti cultural references and word meanings, exploring the significance of terms like "bat," "ka ik," "chon," "zan-zos" among others. It provides insights into the Balti language and culture, shedding light on elements like food, nature, relationships, and more.

• Balti culture
• Word meanings
• Language exploration
• Cultural references

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1. .. ( , . . ( , ). ). -

2. *a, > a: Balti bat boiled mixture of germinated grain flour and ordinary flour (made during Ramzan) (Sprigg 2002: 27). Cf. OIA bhakta- food; boiled rice , Khowar bot evening meal , Kalasha batay flour taken to be eaten in high pastures (Trail 1999), Shina bat, Bashkarik batt, Torwali b t, Kashmiri bat , Lahnda, Punjabi bhatt, Hindi-Urdu, Nepali, Gujarati, Marathi bh t boiled rice , Wakhi bat wheat flour gruel , Ishkashimi bat, Shughni b t, Munji b t k ritual food made of wheat flour and butter, cooked in water or milk . Balti basanda dandelion (Sprigg 2002: 27). Cf. OIA v santa- vernal, pertaining to spring , OIA vasanta-, Shina baz n, Phalura bas nd, Bashkarik basan, Torwali bas n, Kalasha b sun, Khowar bosun, Pashai wah n(d), Gawar-Bati wasand spring . Balti ka ik small branches (Sprigg 2002: 82), Ladakhi ka ik branches and leaves of trees as fodder for animals in the spring (Norman 2010: 4). Cf. Kati k t branch , Kalasha kat board (Trail 1999), Shina k t wood , Kashmiri k t h wood , k t h small stick , Lahnda, Punjabi, Hindi-Urdu, Kumauni, Nepali, Gujarati k t h, Sindhi k t h wood , .- . k s t ha- piece of wood , k s t hik - small piece of wood .

3. *a > o : Balti chon vain (Sprigg 2002: 43), Purik chon ( t hon ) useless, in vain, unfounded (Zemp 2018: 109), Ladakhi chon spontaneously, for no reason, gratuitously; in vain, for nothing, to no avail, useless; free, for free, at no cost (Norman 2010: 310). Cf. Burushaski c han (Hunza), c an (Yasin) leer (Sch ssel), unterbesch ftigt, ohne Arbeit, frei (Berger 1998: 106), Shina c hon, Phalura he iko, Bshkarik c han, Kashmiri hon, Gawar-Bati c h nika, Pashai (Kurangali dialect) h ni empty, void . Balti (Skardu dialect) dom sadness, trouble, difficulty, adversity (Norman 2010: 493). Cf. Shina da mizh r adversity, trouble (Bailey 1924), Burushaski d m(i)jar trouble, inconvenience, worry (Lorimer 1938). The Shina word is most probably the source for the Burushaski one, and may be related to OIA damayati tames, subdues , Ossetic domyn to tame; exhaust; demand . Balti tshon injury (Sprigg 2002: 171). Cf. OIA ks a oti injures, hurts , ks a ana-, injury, damage , Pali kha ati destroys , Khotanese vas anaurau destructive (Bailey 1979: 379) < *vi- ana-bara-, Greek I kill < PIE *tk'en-(LIV: 645).

4. *a , *i : Balti zan-zos, dzan-zos (Turtuk dialect), Purik zan-zos wife; family (Norman 2010: 842; Sprigg 2002: 180). Cf., e.g. Phalura jeeni female person (Liljegren, Haider 2011: 76), Kashmiri z n , Sindhi, Lahnda, Punjabi ja woman , Bashkarik jin kar- to marry , Indus Kohistani zh l marriage (Zoller 2005: 202), OIA jani-, Av. aini- woman, wife . The initial dz in Balti may point the initial affricate of the donor language. Balti basanda dandelion (Sprigg 2002: 27). Cf. OIA v santa- vernal, pertaining to spring , OIA vasanta-, Shina baz n, Phalura bas nd, Bashkarik basan, Torwali bas n, Kalasha b sun, Khowar bosun, Pashai wah n(d), Gawar-Bati wasand spring .

5. *r > i: Ladakhi kit-ces to catch, seize, capture (Norman 2010: 82). Cf. Bashkarik g t took, bought , Wo apuri gat took , Gawar-Bati g t m I took < *gr pta- < *gr b-ta- (Vedic gr bdha-, Avestan g r pta- taken ). *r > e * ?: Ladakhi shen-ces to squash (Norman 2010: 986). Cf. OIA r ti crushes, breaks , Khowar en k to crush . . i e .

6. - : Ladakhi kit-ces to catch, seize, capture (Norman 2010: 82). Cf. Bashkarik g t took, bought , Wo apuri gat took , Gawar-Bati g t m I took < *gr pta- < *gr b-ta- (Vedic gr bdha-, Avestan g r pta- taken ). Ladakhi pat, paddi, patsi totally, completely (Norman 2010: 533) < *bad. Cf. OIA baddha- bound , Gujarati b dhu whole, entire , West Pahari (Kotgarhi) baddh all, entire, (pl.) all together , Kashmiri bod handful . Ladakhi tul powdered dung (Norman 2010: 448) < *dul. Cf. OIA dh li- dust, powder , dh lik - pollen, fog, mist ; Prakrit dh l , Hindi dh l, Punjabi, Lahnda, Gujarati dh , Sindhi dh i, Kumauni dhuli, Bengali dhul, Marathi dh dust ; Nepali dhulo dust, powder ; Tirahi "d da", Kalasha udhru , Shina d , Phalura d i dust ; Pashai (Wegali dialect) du dust-storm ; Torwali dur mist .

7. *bh > b, *dh > d, *jh > j > (d)z: Balti bat boiled mixture of germinated grain flour and ordinary flour (made during Ramzan) (Sprigg 2002: 27). Cf. OIA bhakta- food; boiled rice , Khowar bot evening meal , Kalasha batay flour taken to be eaten in high pastures (Trail 1999), Shina bat, Bashkarik batt, Torwali b t, Kashmiri bat , Lahnda, Punjabi bhatt, Hindi-Urdu, Nepali, Gujarati, Marathi bh t boiled rice , Wakhi bat wheat flour gruel , Ishkashimi bat, Shughni b t, Munji b t k ritual food made of wheat flour and butter, cooked in water or milk . Ladakhi darak, Purik deraq stiff, hard (Norman 2010: 438) < PII *dh raka-. Cf. Kashmiri dor firm, hard, strong, compact, durable, solid , darun to become steady (of something in motion), to become firm, to stand steady (Grierson 1915-1932: 238, 246), Pashai d(h)ar-, Wotapuri dar-, Phalura dh ara- to remain, stay , Torwali d r they remained , Khowar dorik hold back, wait, keep , Hindi, Punjabi dharn to keep , Gujarati dharvu to hold, catch , OIA dh rayati, dharati holds, keeps , Avestan d raiiehi (you) hold . ?Ladakhi (Shamskat, Leh) zanggi a species of tiny flying biting insect (Norman 2010: 825). . . an- , ( ) < . *gan-/jan- , ; , = .- . han- ; ; ; ( , 2007: 136). , . *jhan-aka- *-in/- . a (*jhanaka- > *zang-) ( . g < * unaka-, s g < *samaka-).

8. * > c, *j(h) > dz > z: Ladakhi tsapik a little, a bit, a little while (Norman 2010: 731) < PII * ap- to catch, snatch, pick, pinch , cf. Shina ap-, Indus Kohistani cap-, Gawar-Bati cep- to bite , Pashai ip- to bite off , Kashmiri cop a bite , Balochi mp- to snatch , Ossetic c fsyn to stick, glue , Munji c b- to pluck . Balti zanzos, dzanzos (Turtuk dialect), Purik zanzos wife; family (Norman 2010: 842; Sprigg 2002: 180). Cf., e.g. Phalura jeeni female person (Liljegren, Haider 2011: 76), Kashmiri z n , Sindhi, Lahnda, Punjabi ja woman , Bashkarik jin kar- to marry , Indus Kohistani zh l marriage (Zoller 2005: 202), OIA jani-, Av. aini- woman, wife . Balti gzar to flow (Sprigg 2002: 72), Purik zar id., Ladakhi zar-ces, dzar-cas to drip, to run down, to trickle out (Norman 2010: 790). Cf. Av. ar- to flow , Ossetic z lyn to pour down, drip , OIA jhara- waterfall , jhar river , Prakrit jhara drips , Hindi jharn to ooze, trickle away < PII *gjhar- < PIE *dhgwher- (Cheung 2007: 124).

9. : Ladakhi cancil, chancil the green outer shell or fruit of walnut (Norman 2010: 267). Cf. Burushaski hanj l (Nagir, Hunza), anj l (Yasin) die gr ne ussere Schale der Walnuss, H utchen zwischen den Teilen des Walnusskerns , Shina ha il id. (Berger 1998: 96). Balti cangti drop , Purik, Ladakhi (Shamskat and Leh dialects) cangti leak in a roof (Norman 2010: 267). Cf. Burushaski han man-, ha han - (Wasser) sickern, herabfliessen (Berger 1998: 97). Balti cha millet (Sprigg 2002: 41), Ladakhi (Shamskat dialect) cha a variety of millet, a cereal grain which was grown in Ladakh in the past, but very little now (Norman 2010: 290). Cf. Burushaski ha (Nagir, Hunza), a (Yasin) Hirse, Kolbenhirse, Setaria italica (Berger 1998: 95).

10. : Balti be-kar court singer and dancer who improvises poems and songs (Sprigg 2002: 28), Ladakhi be- da member of the caste that used to be itinerant musicians , be-mo f. (Norman 2010: 640-641) < *b iya- < PII *w d(i)ya- music, musical instrument , cf. OIA v dya- musical instrument, music , v dyakara- musician , Hindi-Urdu b j music , Kashmiri waz- to sound (of bell, clock etc.) , Shina (Guresi) ba - to strike (of a gong etc.) , Ossetic wadyn flute, panpipe < *v d ni . Balti (Skardu dialect) spa taste, tasty (neutral), (sexual) enjoyment , Purik, Ladakhi (Nubra dialect) spa taste, flavour (Norman 2010: 542; Sprigg 2002: 159) < PII *sw da-. Cf. OIA sv da- taste , Iranian * w da- (> Persian v good taste , Balochi w d salt ), Shina isp vu tasty . Ladakhi perak Ladakhi women s head-dress, covered with turquoise and coral (Norman 2010: 539) < PII *paridh ka-. Cf. OIA paridh - to put on (clothes) , Hindi pahirn to put on, wear , Kashmiri p run to put on; to adorn, ornament , Khowar purduik to cover oneself, put on a cloak .

11. : Ladakhi shan i a leafy vegetable (Norman 2010: 975) < PII * ka- green vegetable . Cf. OIA ka-, Shina, Indus Kohistani , Phalura , Bashkarik a, Kashmiri h kh, Kalsha ak, Khowar ax, Waigali, Dameli c id., Indus Kohistani a green vegetable with round leaves (Zoller 2005: 378) < PIE *k ko- (Mayrhofer 1996: 628). Balti tshak rheumatism (Sprigg 2002: 169), Purik tshaq pain with difficulty of breathing , tshak yong to ache , Ladakhi tshak sprain, pulled muscle, sudden cramp, sudden sharp pain (Norman 2010: 759-760). Cf. OIA ks ata- wounded , ks ataka- wound . *t > d : Balti rindi lead, bullet (Sprigg 2002: 139), Ladakhi rindi bullet; lead (metal) (Norman 2010: 911) < *r di- < PII *r ti- Cf. Bashkarik r d, Torwali it ( < r) brass , Shina r l brass, bronze, copper , Gawar-Bati r t copper , OIA r ti- stream; yellow brass, bell-metal .

12. *k : Ladakhi kuruk donkey foal; foal (Norman 2010: 12) < *kurtaka-. Cf. Kalasha k a k (< *ku ak) child (male or female); the offspring of a human or animal (Trail 1999), Shumashti kur , Dameli kur a child , Ashkun k child, foetus , Kati kr u, kur uk young of animals , Prasun ky ru young of animals, child < *kurtaka-, Kurdish kurr son , Middle Persian kurrak, Persian kurra foal < *kurna(ka)-. Balti kulak meal (quickly made mixture of buttermilk and flour) (Sprigg 2002: 94), Purik kholak a certain dish , Ladakhi (Leh, Shamskat and Nubra dialects) kholak, qholak ready-to-eat dough of roasted flour (Norman 2010: 117). Cf. Burushaski (d)-q(h)ul-an- (Hunza, Nagir), d- ul-an- (Yasin) (Teig) kneten (Berger 1998: 357). Balti mulak, Purik mulaq turnip (Sprigg 2002: 118; Zemp 2018: 944). Cf. Burushaski m lo, Shina mu lo id., OIA m la- root , m laka- radish , Shina m l , Khowar m l root , Pashai m luk, Hindi-Urdu m l radish . Balti, Purik, Ladakhi multuk, mul uk fist (Norman 2010: 705; Sprigg 2002: 118). Cf. OIA mus t i-, Av. mu ti-, Khotanese mus t u, Sindhi mut hi, Lahnda, Punjabi mut t h, Hindi-Urdu, Gujarati, Marathi m t h, Nepali mut hi, Persian mo t, Shughni mut, Wakhi m st, Shina mut (h), Kashmiri mo t h, Phalura, Kalasha, Khowar mus t i, Gawar-Bati mus t k, Burushaski (loanword) mu fist .

13. s : Balti basanda dandelion (Sprigg 2002: 27). Cf. OIA v santa- vernal, pertaining to spring , OIA vasanta-, Old Persian -v hara-, Persian bah r, Shina baz n, Phalura bas nd, Bashkarik basan, Torwali bas n, Kalasha b sun, Khowar bosun, Pashai wah n(d), Gawar-Bati wasand spring .

14. * (< .-. *k): Balti shang wisdom, sense (Sprigg 2002: 151), Purik a consciousness (Zemp 2018: 931), Ladakhi shang alertness, awareness, caution, prudence (Norman 2010: 553). Cf. Burushaski (loanword) awake, aware; care, heed, attention (Lorimer 1938: 322), Shina o n care, anxiety; awake, alert (Bailey 1924), Khowar an g fear, suspicion (Morgenstierne 1973), OIA an kate is afraid, distrusts , an k - fear, distrust < PIE *k enk-/*k onk- schwanken (Pokorny 1959: 566). Ladakhi shan i a leafy vegetable (Norman 2010: 975) < PII * ka- green vegetable . Cf. OIA ka-, Shina, Indus Kohistani , Phalura , Bashkarik a, Kashmiri h kh, Kalsha ak, Khowar ax, Waigali, Dameli c id., Indus Kohistani a green vegetable with round leaves (Zoller 2005: 378) < PIE *k ko- (Mayrhofer 1996: 628). ?Balti lashi a resinous wood used as a candle or torch because it burns slowly (Sprigg 2002: 98). Cf. Kashmiri la shi a torch (Grierson 1915-1932: 533), Shina (Gilgit dialect) la i torch (unlit) (i < * ). * (< .- . *k ) : Ladakhi po-ze ram, full-grown male sheep (Norman 2010: 540) < PII *pa u- cattle (> OIA pa u-, Avestan pasu- id., Pashto ps , Ossetic f s sheep ). Cf. also Pashai pa wala, Khowar pa l, Shina pa y l , Bashkarik pay l, Kashmiri puhul shepherd , Indus Kohistani p y l, OIA pa up la- herdsman .

15. . * > s > y : Balti m yu, myo mouse (Sprigg 2002: 119). Cf. OIA m s -, m s -, m s ika- mouse, rat , Persian m , Pashto m ak, Ossetic myst, Pashai m , Shumashti m s o, Gawar-Bati mus a, Torwali m s , Phalura mu s o mouse , Bashkarik m s mouse, rat , Shina (Guresi dialect) m rat , m ai mouse , West Pahari (Jaunsari) m , Romany mu mouse , Kumauni, Nepali muso mouse, rat . . * (> s ) > : Balti munzhur small mole-like mouse (Sprigg 2002: 119).

16. *w > b: Balti basanda dandelion (Sprigg 2002: 27). Cf. OIA v santa- vernal, pertaining to spring , OIA vasanta-, Shina baz n, Phalura bas nd, Bashkarik basan, Torwali bas n, Kalasha b sun, Khowar bosun, Pashai wah n(d), Gawar-Bati wasand spring . Balti be-kar court singer and dancer who improvises poems and songs (Sprigg 2002: 28), Ladakhi be-da member of the caste that used to be itinerant musicians , be-mo f. (Norman 2010: 640-641) < *b iya- < PII *w d(i)ya- music, musical instrument , cf. OIA v dya- musical instrument, music , v dyakara- musician , v dayati plays a musical instrument , Punjabi vajj musical instrument , Hindi-Urdu b j music , Kashmiri waz- to sound (of bell, clock etc.) , w y- to play a musical instrument , Shina (Guresi) ba - to strike (of a gong etc.) , Ossetic wadyn flute, panpipe < *v d ni .

17. *dw > b: Balti bar-ban window (in a wall), glass-pane window (Sprigg 2002: 26), Purik barban window (Zemp 2018: 945). Cf. Brokskat barban id.). Pashai dar , Gwawr-Bati der , Kalasha dur k, Phalura dar i, Indus Kohistani d r , Shina dari , Kashmiri d r window , OIA dv r- door, gate , Av. duuar- gate .

18. . *gjh : Balti gzar to flow (Sprigg 2002: 72), Purik zar id., Ladakhi zar-ces, dzar- cas to drip, to run down, to trickle out (Norman 2010: 790). Cf. Av. ar- to flow , Ossetic z lyn to pour down, drip , OIA jhara- waterfall , jhar river , Prakrit jhara drips , Hindi jharn to ooze, trickle away < PII *gjhar- < PIE *dhgwher- (Cheung 2007: 124).

19. . *k (> .-. ks, . *x, . *h) > h Balti, Purik chal overflow, spill over , Ladakhi (Leh and Shamskat dialects) chal-ces to splash, to spill over (Sprigg 2002: 41; Norman 2010: 297). Cf. OIA ks arati, ks alati flows, trickles , ks layati washes , Proto-Iranian *x ar- to flow (> Persian r dan to trickle , ( b) r waterfall , Ossetic xs rdz n waterfall (< *x ar- ana-), Middle Persian X art the river Jaxartes (Livshits 2003)), Kashmiri halun to wash , har a sprinkle of water etc. from the fingers ), Gawar-Bati c h r rapids in a stream , Phalura, Indus Kohistani c h r, Bashkarik, Kalasha uc h r, Shina c har waterfall .

20. *kt, *pt > t: Balti bat boiled mixture of germinated grain flour and ordinary flour (made during Ramzan) (Sprigg 2002: 27). Cf. OIA bhakta- food; boiled rice , Khowar bot evening meal , Kalasha batay flour taken to be eaten in high pastures (Trail 1999), Shina bat, Bashkarik batt, Torwali b t, Kashmiri bat , Lahnda, Punjabi bhatt, Hindi-Urdu, Nepali, Gujarati, Marathi bh t boiled rice , Wakhi bat wheat flour gruel , Ishkashimi bat, Shughni b t, Munji b t k ritual food made of wheat flour and butter, cooked in water or milk . Ladakhi kit-ces to catch, seize, capture (Norman 2010: 82). Cf. Bashkarik g t took, bought , Wo apuri gat took , Gawar-Bati g t m I took < *gr pta- < *gr b-ta- (Vedic gr bdha-, Avestan g r pta- taken ).

21. *nk > ng: Balti shang wisdom, sense (Sprigg 2002: 151), Purik a consciousness (Zemp 2018: 931), Ladakhi shang alertness, awareness, caution, prudence (Norman 2010: 553). Cf. Burushaski (loanword) awake, aware; care, heed, attention (Lorimer 1938: 322), Shina o n care, anxiety; awake, alert (Bailey 1924), Khowar an g fear, suspicion (Morgenstierne 1973), OIA an kate is afraid, distrusts , an k - fear, distrust . *ngh > g > k, q: Ladakhi tak-tak (Shamskat dialect), ak- ak, (Leh dialect) taut, stretched tight, tight (e.g. of curtain, clothing, greenhouse plastic) , Purik taqtaq tight (Norman 2010: 370), Balti ak- ak hard (Sprigg 2002: 184) < *tag < PII *tangh- (> Proto-Iranian * anj- to pull, draw ( > Avestan a j- id., Persian sanj dan to measure; reflect; compare, put in balance , Ossetic t n n to spread, stretch out; to crucify ), Kashmiri t anz extreme and urgent desire , Khowar tonjeik to destroy, pull down ).

22. *rt (> *r) > r: Ladakhi kuruk donkey foal; foal (Norman 2010: 12) < *kurtaka-. Cf. Kalasha k a k (< *ku ak) child (male or female); the offspring of a human or animal (Trail 1999), Shumashti kur , Dameli kur a child , Ashkun k child, foetus , Kati kr u, kur uk young of animals , Prasun ky ru young of animals, child < *kurtaka-, Kurdish kurr son , Middle Persian kurrak, Persian kurra foal < *kurna(ka)-. *rth > , , t?: Balti, Purik ga knot, joint of body (Sprigg 2002: 58; Zemp 2018: 64), Ladakhi (Leh dialect) changgat knee-joint (Norman 2010: 313), gat obstacle (Norman 2010: 241) < *garthi-? Cf. OIA granthi- knot , granthayati ties , Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati g t h, Punjabi, Lahnda ga d h, Sindhi g'a d hi, Middle Persian grih, Persian girih, Khotanese grratha, Soghdian r n , Ishkashimi urex , Ossetic lxync', Kalasha, Phalura grh d , Indus Kohistani g r , Brokskat gat hi knot , Pashai gat an joint , gat h- to tie , Burushaski gat Knoten (auch im Stengel von Pflanzen), Kn chel (des Fingers) (Berger 1998: 150). *r *rt : Balti rkat to cut down with a sword (Sprigg 2002: 140). Cf. PII *kart- to cut > OIA kr ntati, kartati cuts , Av. k r taiti cuts , kar ta- knife , Hindi-Urdu katt curved knife , katt sword, knife, dagger , Tirahi kat ri knife , Pashai k t are spear , Gawar-Bati kat ro large knife , Kalasha kat r, Khowar kuter knife, dagger , Bashkarik k t er knife , Savi kat r i, Phalura kat ro dagger , Shina kha t a r knife .

23. *sc (< .-. *sk') > (*h?) > ch: Ladakhi tshele thatched roof, shade made of branches and leaves, thatched- roofed house or hut (Norman 2010: 773), Balti tshele hut (Sprigg 2002: 170) < PII *s ad-ila-. Cf. Kashmiri che y a kind of thatching grass (Grierson 1915-1932: 1066), Lahnda, Punjabi chatt, Hindi chat roof , OIA ch dayati covers , chadis- cover, roof , Proto-Iranian *s d- to cover (cf. Pashto to adorn < *upa- or *pati-s d-) < PIE *sk ed-.

24. *sw > sp: Balti (Skardu dialect) spa taste, tasty (neutral), (sexual) enjoyment , Purik, Ladakhi (Nubra dialect) spa taste, flavour (Norman 2010: 542; Sprigg 2002: 159) < PII * sw da-. Cf. OIA sv da- taste , Iranian * w da- (> Persian v good taste , Balochi w d salt ), Shina isp vu tasty .

25. *r > s (> ): Ladakhi shen (Leh dialect), s en (Shamskat dialect) (wooden) floor (Norman 2010: 986) < PII * rayana- leaning, foothold (< * ri- to lean , cf. OIA ri-, Avestan sri- id.). Cf. Sinhalese hi i, Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi s h , Phalura i, Pashai s ur , Shumashti s nd , Gawar-Bati sid , Yidgha x ad, Pashto s l ladder, stair .

26. *t > s > l (> lt): Balti, Purik, Ladakhi multuk, mul uk fist (Norman 2010: 705; Sprigg 2002: 118). Cf. OIA mus t i-, Av. mu ti-, Khotanese mus t u, Sindhi mut hi, Lahnda, Punjabi mut t h, Hindi-Urdu, Gujarati, Marathi m t h, Nepali mut hi, Persian mo t, Shughni mut, Wakhi m st, Shina mut (h), Kashmiri mo t h, Phalura, Kalasha, Khowar mus t i, Gawar-Bati mus t k, Burushaski (loanword) mu fist .

27. --, -- = .-. -sh-: Balti ka ik small branches (Sprigg 2002: 82), Ladakhi ka ik branches and leaves of trees as fodder for animals in the spring (Norman 2010: 4). Cf. Kati k t branch , Kalasha kat board (Trail 1999), Shina k t wood , Kashmiri k t h wood , k t h small stick , Lahnda, Punjabi, Hindi-Urdu, Kumauni, Nepali, Gujarati k t h, Sindhi k t h wood , .- . k s t ha- piece of wood , k s t hik - small piece of wood . .- . k s t ha- < .- . *kol-s- tho- (Klima 1970; Burrow 1975), . .- . *kel - schlagen, hauen (Pokorny 1959: 545- 547). -t ha- , , .- . -th -, . - - ( . .- . artha- , , Av. ar a- , , OIA g th -, Av. g - ).

28. .-. *tk (> .-. ks, . *) > ch: Balti tshon injury (Sprigg 2002: 171), Balti tshak rheumatism (Sprigg 2002: 169), Purik tshaq pain with difficulty of breathing , tshak yong to ache , Ladakhi tshak sprain, pulled muscle, sudden cramp, sudden sharp pain (Norman 2010: 759-760). Cf. OIA ks a oti injures, hurts , ks ata- wounded , ks ataka- wound , ks a ana-, ks ati- injury, damage , Pali kha ati destroys , Khowar ay illness (= OIA ks ati-?), Khotanese vas anaurau destructive (Bailey 1979: 379) < *vi- ana-bara-, Manichaean Soghdian p yyn 3 Sg to trap < *apa- or *upa- an-, Christian Soghdian pt ng, Buddhist Soghdian pt nkh cross, torture-instrument < *pati- ana-ka- (Gershevitch 1954: 25, 96) Greek I kill < PIE *tk'en-(LIV: 645).