HER2 activation plays a crucial role in promoting tumor proliferation and survival in NSCLC. Driven by oncogenic downstream signaling pathways, HER2 overexpression and gene amplification lead to the formation of heterodimers and activation of key signaling cascades. Additionally, HER2 mutations are

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Sampling is a crucial process in statistical analysis where observations are taken from a larger population. Different sampling techniques are used based on the analysis being performed. Sampling methods help in studying populations when studying the entire population is not feasible. There are two

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ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting attention, activity levels, and impulse control. It manifests in different subtypes and can be spotted in children before the age of 6. Symptoms persist across contexts and should cause impairment in social, academic, or occupational areas. Gene

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This slideshow provides an overview of tumor classification, nomenclature, and key concepts in pathology. It covers the definitions of neoplasm, tumor, and oncology, the classification of tumors into benign and malignant categories, as well as the importance of stroma in tumor behavior. It also expl

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Discover the best spine tumor treatment at Medspine, the leading hospital with top surgeon and specialist in Medavakkam, Perumbakkam, Royapettah, Chennai.

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Noise in communication refers to unwanted energy that interferes with signal reception and transmission. It can be categorized as external or internal noise, each with various subtypes like atmospheric noise and shot noise. Recognizing and managing different types of noise is essential for ensuring

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Grading and staging are crucial in determining the aggressiveness and extent of malignant tumors. Grading involves assessing the level of malignancy based on cell differentiation and mitotic activity, while staging considers the size of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastases.

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Review clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) presented by experts during a School Nurses Conference. Covering DSM-V criteria, prevalence of subtypes, assessment of inattentive and hyperactive symptoms, and medication managem

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This trial aims to compare the efficacy and safety of molecularly-guided therapy or cancer immunotherapy based on genomic profiling with platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with cancer of unknown primary site. The study design includes multiple treatment regimens guided by genomic profiles, with

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WAGR syndrome is a rare genetic condition associated with Wilms Tumor, aniridia, and developmental delays. Wilms Tumor is a form of kidney cancer mostly affecting children and is linked to genetic disorders like WAGR syndrome. The risk of Wilms Tumor is higher in children with WAGR syndrome, with po

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Inflammatory diseases of bone encompass conditions like osteitis, osteomyelitis, periostitis, and alveolar osteitis (dry socket). Osteitis is localized and may be associated with infected sockets, while osteomyelitis involves the interior of the bone. Alveolar osteitis commonly follows tooth extract

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Nephritis is a serious medical condition characterized by inflammation of the nephrons in the kidneys. This inflammation can lead to various subtypes such as glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis, each with its own causes and symptoms. Common symptoms of nephritis include edema, changes in u

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique focusing on metabolic differences in the body. By using positron-emitting radioisotopes, PET can detect how molecules are taken up by healthy and cancerous cells, aiding in accurate tumor localization with lower doses. The evolution o

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Breast cancer molecular subtypes play a crucial role in determining survival outcomes. This study by Nadia Howlader, PhD, from the National Cancer Institute, presented the first nationally representative estimates of breast cancer survival by four main molecular subtypes. The research aimed to under

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Research collaboration aimed to enhance locoregional tumor control and reduce distant failure by combining charged particles irradiation and anticancer drug Epothilone B in cultured human tumor cells from Milano and Roma. The study explores the impact on clonogenic survival, growth curves, and deter

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This presentation covers the diagnostic criteria, signs, and treatments for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. It details the subtypes, severity levels, prevalence, development, courses, and risk factors associated with eating disorders, providing a comprehensive overview

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Master protocols, seamless trials, and adaptive designs are revolutionizing oncology drug development. These innovative approaches involve multiple substudies with different objectives, evaluating investigational drugs across disease subtypes. Basket trials and umbrella trials offer flexibility in s

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Hemolytic anemia encompasses various subtypes like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, with warm and cold antibodies, each requiring unique management strategies. Diagnosis involves specific investigations like the Coombs test. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids as first-line therapy, while secon

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The Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery is a precise and effective treatment method where highly focused radiation beams are used to target tumors and abnormalities in the brain. It does not remove the tumor directly but affects DNA, cell growth, and blood vessels. The procedure involves three mai

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NCI-MATCH is a groundbreaking clinical trial aiming to match tumor gene alterations with targeted therapies. The interim analysis results revealed impressive patient enrollment and site participation exceeding expectations. Despite challenges with pausing new patient registrations for the analysis,

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Chicago Style, established in 1906, is a widely used citation style in academia, providing guidelines for various disciplines. This guide covers the basics of Chicago Style, including its importance, recommended subtypes, formatting requirements, and more.

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Explore the etiological classification of cataracts, focusing on metabolic and complicated types such as diabetic cataracts, galactosemia-related cataracts, myotonic dystrophy-related cataracts, and hypocalcaemic cataracts. Learn about distinct morphological subtypes, pathophysiology, and specific c

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Bipolar disorder in young individuals is characterized by mood swings between manic and depressive states, with various subtypes such as Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymia. Clinical characteristics include hypomania and mania, which present with distinct symptoms such as elevated mood, increased

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Explore ways to identify and address racial microaggressions in academic settings through scenarios, research insights, and student perspectives. Learn about the different subtypes of microaggressions and why it's important to create an inclusive and supportive environment for all students.

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In the latest TDTMS update, key changes include defining Inadvertent Gain processes, introducing a No Current Occupant process, and planning upgrades for MarkeTrak. The analysis of MarketTrak Subtype Volumes for mid-year 2022 reveals variances in different issue subtypes over the past months and yea

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This study by Shyamala Maherswaran, Ph.D., and team focuses on characterizing mutations in EGFR in circulating tumor cells using SARMS assay and CTC-chip. The research investigates the effectiveness of these non-invasive methods in analyzing tumors and explores the role of the T790M mutation in resp

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Salmonella bacteria, often transmitted through contaminated food or drink, can cause various infections in humans and animals. They are identified by their morphology, and classified into different species and subtypes. The pathogenesis of Salmonella infections varies, with some species infective pr

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This collection of supplementary figures provides detailed flow cytometry data on immune cell populations, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and more. The figures also include information on immune checkpoint molecules like PD-L1 and TIGIT. Each figure presents spec

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Vestibular schwannoma, also known as acoustic neuroma, is a common tumor in the cerebellopontine angle. It can be sporadic or associated with neurofibromatosis type 2. Patients typically present with hearing loss and tinnitus, which may be gradual or sudden. Grading systems like Koos, Ojemann, and J

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Neoplasia encompasses abnormal tissue growth that can be benign or malignant. This article explores neoplastic terms, tumor classifications, cancer staging, and genetic factors in cancer development. Gain insights into the characteristics of benign tumors, the biology of cancer including carcinogene

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Understanding the classification of tumors is crucial in the field of pathology. This detailed overview covers the definitions of neoplasia and tumors, the differentiation between benign and malignant tumors, nomenclature, and characteristics of various tumor types. It discusses the behaviors of ben

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Pulmonary emphysema, a type of obstructive respiratory disorder, is a progressive lung disease that affects the air spaces in the lungs. This condition is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke and air pollution. The damage to the alveoli leads to symptoms such as sho

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Epilepsy is a medical disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Seizures are sudden alterations in perception or behavior caused by abnormal neuronal activity. The incidence of epilepsy is high in early childhood, declines, plateaus, and then rises among the elderly. Seizures can be

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This tutorial, prepared by the International Working Group for TIL in breast cancer, provides guidelines for pathologists on the standardized evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer based on H&E slides of core biopsies or tumor resections. It details steps such as defini

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Subtyping in software design refers to the relationship between types where a subtype can be substituted for its supertype without affecting the correctness of the program. This concept ensures that objects of a subtype meet the specifications of its supertype. Subtypes should not surprise clients b

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Craniopharyngioma is a complex intracranial tumor with a rich historical background dating back to the early 20th century. Initially described by McLean, Frazier, Alpes, and famously studied by Cushing, this tumor continues to be a subject of debate and controversy in terms of treatment approaches a

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This study explores the problem of finding the largest area axis-aligned B-empty rectangle containing n red points and m blue points. The research discusses various extensions to the original problem, such as the Blue Rectangles problem and the Outliers Problem, aiming to achieve efficient solutions

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Neoplasia refers to abnormal tissue growth surpassing normal growth, persisting excessively even after the initial stimulus. Odontogenic tumors are classified by the WHO in 1992 into benign and malignant categories, with various subtypes described. Ameloblastoma is a true neoplasm of enamel organ ti

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ADHD, as defined in the DSM-IV-TR, encompasses three subtypes: Predominantly Inattentive Type, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, and Combined Type. To meet diagnostic criteria for each subtype, specific symptoms must be present for a certain duration and at a degree that is maladaptive. Indi

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CD24 and FUT4 show distinct expression patterns in medulloblastoma, impacting tumor subtypes and patient outcomes. Tumors with high FUT4 and low CD24 are associated with favorable WNT subtype and better survival, while tumors with low FUT4 and high CD24 tend to have a poorer prognosis. Subgroups bas

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