Biofertilizers are natural microbial inoculants that provide nutrients to crop plants, improve soil health, and promote sustainable agriculture. Learn about the production technology, benefits, and types of biofertilizers including bacterial, fungal, algal, and aquatic fern biofertilizers. Explore h

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Lewis Two-Sector Model, based on the assumption of surplus labor in agriculture, explains how transferring labor to the industrial sector boosts economic growth. The model highlights the shift from traditional to modern sectors, increased output, wages, and profits, and self-sustaining growth capabi

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Explore various growth and survival strategies for businesses, including vertical and horizontal growth, overcoming scarcity of funds, factors affecting organizational growth, and advantages and limitations of business expansion. Learn about different growth strategies such as intensive growth, dive

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Acute gingival diseases encompass various conditions such as Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative Stomatitis, and others. Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG) is a microbial disease primarily affecting the gingiva, characterized by necros

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The Antimicrobial Coatings Market is projected to reach $12.41 billion by 2031, at a CAGR of 10.8% from 2024 to 2031. The antimicrobial coatings help to keep surfaces pathogen-free by obstructing the growth of fungi, bacteria, and other parasites. Antimicrobial coatings provide long-lasting protecti

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The growth of this market is driven by the growing awareness regarding the utilization of synthetic chemicals, rising organic farming and demand for organic food, increasing focus on sustainable agriculture practices, and growing concerns regarding environmental safety. However, the lack of educatio

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In this lecture from the Department of Pathological Analyses at the University of Basrah, Prof. Dr. Saad S. Mahdi Al-amaradi Al-Amara discusses food spoilage, focusing on cereals, bakery foods, and meat products. The presentation covers the microbial spoilage of grains, including common mold species

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This course outline covers key topics in industrial biochemistry, microbiology, and biotechnology, focusing on the use of microorganisms and molecules to achieve specific goals in production processes. It delves into microbial physiology, genetics, metabolic pathways, enzymes, microbial growth, ferm

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Applied Microbiology focuses on harnessing the capabilities of microorganisms for the production of beneficial products like medicines, vaccines, and biotechnological advancements. This field explores the intricate interactions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, emphasizing their pivotal

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This collection delves into the causes and solutions of population growth and resource limitations based on the insights from 'Limits to Growth' publications. The content covers topics such as overshoot, exponential growth, system dynamics, and strategies for transitioning to a sustainable system. I

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Food spoilage is the deterioration of food to the point where it is no longer safe or suitable for consumption. It can occur due to various factors such as insect damage, physical injury, enzymatic degradation, microbial growth, temperature fluctuations, and more. Different types of spoilage can be

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Humans have broader nutritional requirements than most microorganisms. The human diet includes a wide variety of substances, making our food excellent media for microbial growth. Natural contamination of food by various microorganisms, including pathogens, is common. Food consumed by humans and anim

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Humus, the organic residue in soil, plays a crucial role in soil fertility and plant growth. It improves soil structure, retains water, stores essential nutrients, and promotes microbial activity. Factors like soil fertility, moisture, temperature, and pH influence the distribution and activity of s

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Soil organic matter is vital for soil properties and plant nutrition. It consists of plant residues, animal remains, and microbial tissues, comprising complex compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and more. The composition varies with plant type, age, and nature. Leguminous plants are rich i

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The rhizosphere, the region surrounding plant roots, harbors a diverse community of microorganisms influenced by plant roots. Historical background and microbial interactions in the rhizosphere are explored, highlighting the favorable habitat for microbial proliferation and metabolism. Various techn

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Industrial production of citric acid has evolved from extraction processes to microbial fermentation, offering various industrial applications. Citric acid is utilized as an acidulant in food and pharmaceutical industries, a chelating agent in tanning, and a flavor enhancer in carbonated beverages.

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Microbiological media for industrial and laboratory purposes need to provide essential nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, minerals, growth factors, and water while avoiding growth-inhibitory substances. Carbon, nitrogen, minerals, and growth factors play key roles in supporting microbial growth, and t

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In the laboratory, it is crucial to use aseptic techniques when dealing with microorganisms to prevent contamination and ensure safe growth. Understanding the importance of agar plates, Petri dishes, and incubators in creating optimal conditions for microbial growth is essential. By following proper

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Stabilizers are key ingredients used in ice cream and related products to enhance viscosity, stability, texture, and shelf life. They help in preventing wheying off, controlling crystal growth, and maintaining product quality during storage. Various types of stabilizers, including proteins, plant ex

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Bacterial cultures can be transferred using aseptic techniques to ensure purity. Growth indicators such as turbidity in liquid media and colonies on agar plates signify microbial growth. Proper sterilization and handling of instruments are crucial in the process. Techniques like streaking on agar pl

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Food spoilage in canned foods, especially in fish products, can be caused by microbial, chemical, and physical factors. Issues like dents or rusting on the can surface can also lead to spoilage. Microbial spoilage during canning process can result in various defects like swell, acidification, and ga

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Microbial nutrition involves essential elements required for microbial growth and energy production. Bacterial physiology delves into the structures and functions that enable bacteria to thrive, from cell wall composition to enzyme activities. Major elements like C, O, H, N, S, and P are crucial for

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Microbes require carbon for metabolic activities, with organisms categorized as heterotrophs or autotrophs based on their carbon source. In addition to carbon, macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, potassium, and magnesium are crucial for cell function. Growth factors such as amino acid

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Explore the world of microbial genetics with Dr. Abhishek Thakur, an Assistant Professor specializing in Microbial Genetics at the College of Fisheries, Kishjanganj, BASU, Patna. Learn about important concepts such as strains, clones, genome, phenotype, genotype, genes, genetic recombination, and mu

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Quantitative determination of microbial growth is crucial for various purposes, with two commonly used methods being the standard plate count and spectrophotometric measurement. The standard plate count method estimates living microbial cell density, while spectrophotometric measurement relies on tu

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Dr. Shailesh Kumar, Assistant Professor at Bharati College, University of Delhi, delves into the Indian growth experience from two perspectives - aggregate growth over time and variations across states. The turnaround in growth measures post-1980, including GDP per capita and productivity, has been

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Interactions of organisms in ecosystems play a crucial role in the functioning of microbial ecology. Dr. Abhishek Thakur explores symbiosis, mutualism, syntrophism, commensalism, predation, and parasitism, shedding light on how different organisms interact with each other and their physical environm

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In food, microbial growth is influenced by intrinsic factors like pH, water activity, nutrient content, and extrinsic factors such as environmental conditions. The pH level, moisture content, and water activity play crucial roles in determining the growth of microorganisms, with specific ranges affe

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Nutrient uptake by microbial cells involves various transport mechanisms such as passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and group translocation. These mechanisms ensure the specific acquisition of required nutrients by the cell through the selectively permeable plasma membrane.

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Microbial biomass has various industrial applications such as the production of single-cell proteins, antibiotics, ethanol, and organic acids. This biomass can serve as a valuable resource for seed cultures, silage production, biopesticides, animal fodder, and more. Yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevis

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The normal microbial flora, also known as the indigenous microbiota, inhabit various areas of the human body such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and skin. They play a crucial role in maintaining health and can re-establish themselves when disturbed. While resi

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Chemical applications through soil amendments, foliar fertilizers, and microbial seed inoculants can lead to changes in the rhizosphere microflora composition. Factors like soil amendments with fertilizers, foliar application of chemicals, and seed treatment with bio inoculants play a role in alteri

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Microbial nutrition is crucial for the growth and functioning of microorganisms, requiring various elements in different quantities to construct cellular components and obtain energy. Major elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and others play vital roles in microbial

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Mycorrhizae play a crucial role in enhancing plant nutrient uptake, protecting against pests, improving plant growth, and fostering ecosystem stability. These symbiotic relationships provide various benefits such as increased nutrient supply, protection from pathogens, enhancement of plant growth fo

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Discover the acronym FATTOM - Food, Acid, Time, Temperature, Oxygen, Moisture - and how it helps control microorganism growth in food. Explore why these factors are crucial for keeping food safe and learn practical strategies to prevent microbial contamination.

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This presentation delves into exponential growth functions using real-world examples such as the population growth of Niger. It covers topics such as algebra with exponents, finding formulas for growth models, terminology, and graphing population growth over time. The content explores how exponentia

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Microbial growth involves distinct phases such as the lag phase where cells prepare for division, followed by the exponential phase where rapid growth occurs. Factors like medium composition and nutrient availability influence the duration of these phases. The population in the exponential phase is

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MicroTester is a validated method for rapid microbiological testing of various types of water such as mineral water and carbonated water. Real-time monitoring of microbial properties in water production is crucial for ensuring safety and quality. The energy for microbial growth comes from biological

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Meat microbiology is a crucial aspect of food science, focusing on organisms present in red meat, poultry, fish, and their products. This field addresses both preventing food spoilage and protecting consumers against foodborne illnesses. Challenges arise from slaughtering to home consumption, where

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Moisture content and pH levels are key factors influencing the growth and survival of microorganisms in foods. The water activity (aw) of food substrates affects microbial growth, with bacteria and fungi having varying requirements. Lowering aw below optimum levels can increase the lag phase of grow

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