Enzymatic reactions - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Exploring the basics of chemical reactions, the conservation of matter principle, exothermic and endothermic reactions, and the role of activation energy in jumpstarting reactions. Learn how elements transform to create products, the significance of energy release or absorption, and the essential co

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This data compilation covers the reporting trends, breakdown of reports, components issued, and specific types of adverse transfusion reactions experienced within the National Healthcare Organization (NHO) from 2019 to 2022. The information includes statistics on Serious Adverse Events (SAE), Seriou

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Explore the fundamental concepts of chemical reactions, including how reactants and products are represented, the role of catalysts, and writing word equations. Learn through sample and practice problems illustrating different types of reactions. Master writing chemical equations for reactions invol

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Amino acid catabolism involves removing amino groups via deamination, leading to urea synthesis and TCA cycle intermediates. The process includes transamination and oxidative deamination reactions, with specific aminotransferases catalyzing these reactions. Transamination is a key step in funneling

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Estimation of blood glucose levels is crucial for diagnosing and managing conditions like diabetes mellitus. This practical involves using the enzymatic method with glucose oxidase to quantitatively determine glucose levels in serum. The enzymatic reaction converts glucose to gluconic acid and hydro

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Enzymatic browning is a chemical reaction that causes fruits and vegetables to turn brown when exposed to oxygen. This process, driven by enzymes like polyphenol oxidase (PPO), leads to the formation of brown pigments called melanins. Discover how enzymatic browning happens, its impact on various fo

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This content covers various aspects of organic chemistry reactions, including the oxidation of alcohols with potassium dichromate, the solubility of molecules in water, and the oxidation of propan-1-ol to form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. It also explores the oxidation of butan-2-ol and the suitab

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Learn about single displacement reactions in chemistry where one element displaces another in a compound. Explore the general equation, reactivity differences, activity series, and predictions for various scenarios, including halogens and metals. Discover how to identify likely elements to swap and

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Organic reactions can be categorized into addition, elimination, and substitution reactions, occurring through either polar or free radical mechanisms. Polar reactions may be electrophilic or nucleophilic, while free radical reactions involve radicals reacting to complete electron octets. Different

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Salts can be prepared through redox reactions involving metals and acids. This interactive lesson covers oxidation numbers, identifying oxidized and reduced elements, and explaining electron transfer in redox reactions. Examples include reactions of aluminum with sulfuric acid and magnesium with cop

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Chemical equilibrium in reversible reactions involves the balance between forward and backward reactions, as governed by laws like the law of mass action and the law of chemical equilibrium. These laws help in understanding the rates of reactions, equilibrium constants, and the relationship between

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Enzymes are biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are protein in nature and specific in their action. This article delves into the definition of enzymes, classification based on enzymatic action, enzyme class reactions, structure, and mechanism of enzyme action, highlighting how enzymes pla

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Enzyme kinetics is a vital discipline focusing on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and how they respond to varying conditions. Reactions are classified based on reactant concentration influences. Zero, first, second, and third order reactions are distinguished, with examples like first-order r

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Electrochemical processes play a crucial role in materials engineering, specifically in the context of corrosion. These processes involve both oxidation (anodic reaction) and reduction (cathodic reaction) reactions occurring simultaneously. Maintaining a balance between these reactions is essential

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This presentation covers various chemical reactions and separation techniques in chemistry, including electron configuration, precipitation reactions, chlorine reactions with sodium hydroxide, and apparatus used to separate immiscible liquid layers. Explore topics such as electron configurations of

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Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, exhibited in processes like respiration and combustion. On the other hand, endothermic reactions absorb energy, demonstrated in examples such as photosynthesis. By observing changes in temperature and reactions between various substances, one

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Photochemistry is the study of chemical effects produced by light radiation. It involves different types of chemical reactions such as photochemical and thermal reactions, each influenced by various factors like light, temperature, and catalysts. This article explores the differences between thermoc

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The chapter discusses the reaction cross-section in nuclear reactions, including resonance and tunneling phenomena. It explains the probability of reactions occurring, the influence of nuclear radius on cross-section, and how tunneling allows reactions at energies lower than the Coulomb barrier. Exa

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Nuclear reactions involve direct and compound scenarios, with direct reactions occurring in a short period and compound nucleus reactions leading to long-lived excited states. Different types of reactions like elastic scattering, break-up, and compound nuclear reactions are discussed, highlighting t

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This content delves into the mechanisms of sucrose hydrolysis through non-enzymatic and enzymatic processes, highlighting disaccharides like sucrose, lactose, and maltose. It explores the significance of glycosidic bonds in carbohydrate structures and discusses the reducing capacity of sugars such a

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Exploring electrode reactions in electrochemistry involves delving into Faraday's law, coulometry, and the importance of sustainable electrode reactions. These concepts help us understand how the quantity of charge passed affects the production or consumption of substances in electrode reactions. As

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Energy changes in chemical reactions can be categorized as exothermic and endothermic. Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, while endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings. Examples and uses of both types of reactions are provided, along with details on measuring

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Hypersensitivity reactions occur in sensitized hosts following contact with specific antigens, leading to injurious consequences. The Gell and Coombs Classification categorizes reactions into Type I, II, III, and IV based on immune response and duration. Type I reactions are immediate and humoral, w

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In this experiment, the effect of inhibitors on enzymatic reactions, specifically acid phosphatase, is explored. Different types of inhibition (competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive) are examined, along with reversible and irreversible inhibitors. The study aims to determine the type of inhibit

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Explore the concept of oxidation and reduction in chemistry, which are fundamental processes that occur simultaneously in oxidation-reduction reactions. Learn about the role of oxygen, different types of oxidation reactions beyond burning, such as bleaching stains, and the concept of reduction invol

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Fusion reactions play a crucial role in nuclear astrophysics, with key reactions involving light elements such as Li, Be, B, and stable carbon isotopes. Understanding fusion of light heavy nuclei at extreme energies is essential for predicting stellar evolution. The S-factor provides a convenient re

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Explore the fundamental concepts of chemical reactions, including unimolecular reactions like thermolysis and photolysis, bimolecular reactions, and three-body reactions. Learn about rate constants, reaction mechanisms, and the impact of pressure on reaction rates. Discover how energy transfer, phot

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Introduction of maize as a crucial crop facing challenges from both biotic and abiotic factors like drought, leading to oxidative stress. Non-enzymatic antioxidants play a key role in combating reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by drought, with crop landraces showing potential in stress adaptatio

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Mineral reactions play a crucial role in our comprehension of metamorphism, helping to estimate the pressures and temperatures rocks undergo. These reactions can be categorized as continuous or discontinuous, leading to different mineral products. Discontinuous reactions, exemplified by the transfor

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Chemical reactions involve the formation of new substances from reactants, with key processes like oxidation and reduction. Reversible reactions, endothermic and exothermic reactions, and the role of catalysts in speeding up reactions are explored. The significance of chemical symbols, formulas, and

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This content covers various aspects of nuclear reactions, including nuclear fission, fusion reactions, the Manhattan Project, and examples of reactions involving different particles and elements. It explains concepts like exoergic and endoergic reactions, conservation of charge and nucleon number, a

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Metabolic pathways are a series of enzymatic reactions interconnected to form a flow of substrates and products. Irreversible steps, known as committed steps, determine pathway direction. Regulation, through positive or negative feedback, controls enzyme activity. Branched pathways share common inte

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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a copper-containing enzyme with an optimal pH of 6.7 that catalyzes the oxidation of phenols, leading to color changes like browning in fruits and potatoes. This experiment aims to demonstrate PPO activity, its chemical nature, substrate specificity, and the effects of te

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Chemical reactions involve the release or absorption of energy in various forms like heat, light, sound, and electricity. Exergonic reactions release energy, while endergonic reactions absorb energy. Catalysts speed up reactions, while inhibitors slow them down without changing the amount of reactan

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Understanding chemistry, particularly chemical reactions, is crucial for our daily lives. Chemical reactions involve the transformation of substances into different ones, described by reactants and products in equations. By learning about chemical equations, word equations, formula equations, and th

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The experiment focuses on studying the enzymatic digestion of fat by pancreatic lipase. It covers the structure of triglycerides, the role of lipase enzyme in hydrolyzing triglycerides to release fatty acids, and the general hydrolysis process. The aim is to investigate the effects of lipase enzyme

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Neutron production reactions at the International Linear Collider (ILC) involving nuclear reactions, photo-nuclear reactions with light and heavy nuclei, estimation of neutron production using gamma irradiation on Be-9, and application prospects. Cross-sections, energy inputs, and conversion rates a

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In chemistry, it's essential to differentiate between exothermic and endothermic reactions based on the direction of heat flow. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings, while endothermic reactions absorb heat to proceed. Through examples like the combustion of propane and the formation

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The creation of a theoretical data base for rare nuclear reactions using the CHIPS quark-level model is discussed in this research by Mikhail Kosov and Aleksey Grachkov from Dukhov Automatics Research Institute VNIIA. The study aims to predict cross-sections of unmeasured reactions, assess neutron-n

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In this content, we explore assigning oxidation numbers to elements in compounds such as HClO, HClO2, HClO3, and HClO4. We then delve into the Haber Process to understand redox reactions. The concept of oxidation and reduction, as well as the significance of electrons in these reactions, is illustra

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