Delve into the ancient Germanic tribes and languages, their territories, movements during the Migration Period, surviving languages, writing systems, and encounters with prominent historical figures like Roman generals. Learn about the earliest mentions of Germans by Greek travelers and astronomers,

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Characterizing Distributed Systems: Multiple autonomous computers with CPUs, memory, storage, and I/O paths, interconnected geographically, shared state, global invariants. Classifying Distributed Systems: Based on synchrony, communication medium, fault models like crash and Byzantine failures. Comp

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Byzantine fault tolerance is crucial in ensuring the reliability of distributed systems, especially in the presence of malicious nodes. This concept deals with normal faults, crash faults, and the challenging Byzantine faults, where nodes can exhibit deceptive behaviors. The Byzantine Generals Probl

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The Federal Audit Executive Council's Data Act Working Group assists Inspector Generals in meeting oversight requirements. Established in 2015, it includes a Common Methodology Team and a Governance Team to ensure compliance. The teams work on soliciting feedback, developing audit guides, conducting

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The IG Empowerment Act provides beneficial provisions for Inspector Generals (IGs) such as exemptions from certain acts, including the Computer Matching Act and Paperwork Reduction Act. The Paperwork Reduction Act requires federal agencies, including IGs, to obtain OMB clearance before conducting su

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Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) is a critical concept in computer science, addressing faults in distributed systems. This summary covers the types of faults (normal, crash, Byzantine), implications of Byzantine faults, Byzantine Generals Problem, impossibility results, and the complexity of solving

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Delve into W.B. Yeats' iconic poem "Sailing to Byzantium" as it explores themes of art, transcendence, and the ideal state of mind beyond life. Discover the symbolism of Byzantium as an aesthetic haven where artists strive for perfection and transcendence. Unpack the impersonal nature of Byzantine a

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This paper discusses a round-efficient Byzantine broadcast protocol that addresses strong adaptive adversaries and majority corruptions. The protocol involves unique and unbreakable peer signatures, committees for message verification, and time-locking mechanisms to prevent message tampering. By uti

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This study delves into Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocols in the realm of distributed ledgers, exploring the complexities of achieving consensus in trusted adversarial environments. The research examines the classic problem in computer science where distributed nodes communicate to reach agre

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Byzantine failures refer to arbitrary patterns of failures where nodes exhibit inconsistent behavior. This lecture discusses Byzantine agreement and the challenges in reaching consensus with faulty nodes. It explores the minimum number of processes needed for consensus and extends the concepts to ge

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Economic and technical aspects of Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocols for achieving consensus in distributed ledger systems are explored. The discussion delves into the challenges of maintaining trust in adversarial environments and the strategies employed by non-Byzantine nodes to mitigate un

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Geometric Routing enables routing without overhead, where each node knows its global coordinates and forwards messages based on proximity to the destination. Byzantine Faults pose challenges with arbitrary node behavior, but a Byzantine-Robust Geometric Routing algorithm addresses this in a 3-connec

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This research focuses on achieving exact Byzantine consensus on undirected graphs under the local broadcast model, where communication is synchronous with known underlying graphs. The model reduces the power of Byzantine nodes and imposes connectivity requirements. The algorithm involves flooding va

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The Byzantine Generals Problem addresses how a group of generals, some of whom may be traitors, can reach a consensus on a battle plan while ensuring consistency, termination, and validity. Various protocols are explored to handle challenges such as faulty leaders, consistency violations, and cheati

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Music played a significant role during the Civil War, with soldiers singing and carrying song books, creating a sense of camaraderie. Over 10,000 pieces of music were published by the end of the war, providing comfort and hope to those on the front lines and those at home waiting for their loved one

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The influence of Mary, the mother of Jesus, in Byzantine and Western art is explored through various historical events and artworks. From early visions of Mary to the declaration of Feast of Dormition, the devotion to Mary has shaped artistic representations and church dedications. Iconic cathedrals

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The discussion revolves around achieving consensus in the presence of dense Byzantine faults on an unknown torus. Various challenges and impossibility theorems are explored, highlighting the complexities of reaching an agreement in such fault-prone environments. The content delves into the limitatio

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Sync HotStuff is a practical synchronous protocol that tolerates Byzantine replicas and handles weaker synchrony models. It overcomes issues of requiring a large number of rounds and lock-step execution. The protocol ensures safety by committing blocks and guarantees liveness by continuing to commit

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The Stab in the Back Theory originated in Germany post-WWI, where people felt betrayed by politicians and generals for surrendering prematurely. Hitler used this theory to blame Socialists, Communists, and Jews, gaining followers by offering someone to blame for Germany's defeat.

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Explore the realm of Byzantine fault tolerance through protocols like State Machine Replication and HotStuff, discussing safety, liveness, forensic support, and the impact of Byzantine faults. Dive into decades of research on achieving fault tolerance and examining forensic support in the face of By

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The Byzantine Empire made significant contributions to civilization through art, law, religion, and centralization of government. The empire's legacy includes the preservation of Roman laws, promotion of Christianity, accumulation of church wealth, and establishment of Constantinople as a key center

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Exploring the gradual progress of the Christian life through three stages - from the leap of faith to walking the spiritual path guided by method and tradition. This journey entails learning, understanding, and reaching enlightenment, drawing insights from Byzantine spiritual traditions and ancient

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The historiography of the Crusades explores diverse viewpoints from western and eastern sources throughout different periods. Various leaders, including Byzantine emperors, Muslim sultans, and indigenous populations, had unique perspectives. The evolving attitudes towards the Crusades reflect changi

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Exploring the challenges and solutions in achieving optimally resilient asynchronous multi-valued Byzantine agreement protocols. This work presents a novel construction meeting key requirements and delves into round-preserving parallel composition of agreements, shedding light on probabilistic termi

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This research explores Quantum Distributed Computing protocols for tasks like leader election, Byzantine agreement, and more. It introduces Quantum dMA protocols for verifying equality of replicated data on a network without shared randomness. The study discusses the need for efficient protocols wit

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