Differential white blood cell count, also known as a leukocyte count, is a crucial test to determine the different types of white blood cells present in the blood. The cells are classified into granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). Blood smear

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Explore a series of images illustrating various staining techniques used in histopathology, including fixation, different types of staining methods like Gram staining and acid-fast staining, as well as vital and supra-vital staining. Learn about the principles and applications of these techniques in

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Explore the potential of targeting human exosomes using a bispecific antibody platform, enhancing drug delivery capabilities. The study delves into engineering exosomes as drug carriers, developing exosome targeting antibodies (ExTAbs), and verifying exosome delivery efficiency. Future directions in

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Enterprises Painting and Decorating provides the Best House Painter in Somerton. From residential to commercial projects, they offer a range of services, including interior and exterior painting, roof painting, staining, and more. Their dedicated tea

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Transform your dull concrete into a stunning work of art with Topgun-garage.com! Our concrete staining services will give your space an amazing makeover that will last for years. Let us help you create the perfect look for your home or business today

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Emulsions are dispersions where small liquid globules are distributed in an immiscible vehicle. While many pharmaceutical products are emulsions, some may fall into different categories. There are two main types of emulsions: oil dispersed in water (O/W) and water dispersed in oil (W/O). Factors aff

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For successful flow cytometry experiments, it is crucial to plan your staining panel carefully by selecting appropriate markers and antibodies. Determine the goal of your experiment, research historical data for similar experiments, and choose markers specific to your cell type. Utilize resources fo

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This lab activity uses agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the length of an unknown DNA fragment by comparing it to known DNA fragment lengths. The process involves gel preparation, loading samples, electrophoresis, staining, de-staining, and measurement of DNA bands. The activity was produced

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White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes, are vital elements of the blood responsible for protecting the body against invading organisms. They are classified into granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes), each playing specific roles in the immune s

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Seed viability is crucial for successful germination and plant growth. Various tests like tetrazolium, germination, cut, X-ray analysis, and more are used to assess seed viability. Preconditioning seeds, seed hydration, and seed staining are important steps in the tetrazolium test. Evaluating seeds

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Spore staining, acid-fast staining, and negative staining are essential techniques in microbiology for differentiating bacterial structures based on staining properties. Spore staining highlights spore formers, acid-fast staining differentiates acid-fast bacteria, and negative staining detects capsu

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Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. They are catalase positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacteria with unique morphological features. The most notable human infection caused by Corynebacterium is diphtheria, characterized by the formatio

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Beginning with an introduction to staining in biochemical techniques, this chapter delves into the types of stains, factors influencing selectivity, and commonly used stains in histopathology. Learning objectives include defining staining, discussing dye-tissue affinity, understanding selectivity fa

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Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC) is crucial for diagnosing blood-related disorders by analyzing the distribution and morphology of white blood cells. Dr. Versha Prasad explains the significance, normal values, and various conditions like neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and basophilia. Th

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Human chromosomes play a crucial role in genetics, ranging from heredity to disease. Cytogenetics studies their structure and behavior, essential for diagnostics like prenatal testing and identifying genetic disorders. The coiling and folding of DNA within chromosomes, along with the mitotic cell cy

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Antigens are substances that stimulate the production of antibodies in the body, exhibiting specificity in immune reactions. They interact with immune response products like antibodies, BCRs, and TCRs. Immunogens induce detectable immune responses, leading to antibody production or T cell activation

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The article by Dr. Charu, a Consultant Immunologist, provides insights into immunology testing for Pernicious Anaemia (PA). It covers considerations for PA diagnosis, prevalence data, and details intrinsic factor antibody and gastric parietal cell antibody tests. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatme

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Antigen-antibody precipitation reaction involves the formation of insoluble products when a soluble bivalent antibody interacts with a soluble antigen. This reaction leads to the formation of a visible precipitate known as a lattice. The mechanism of precipitation, including the prozone phenomenon,

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Agglutination reaction is a key technique in immunology where particulate antigens and antibodies clump together in the presence of electrolytes. This reaction is highly sensitive and often used for antibody detection, bacterial identification, blood grouping, and cross-matching. The process involve

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This content delves into the mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity, focusing on B-cells as key players in humoral immunity. It covers topics such as activation of B-cells, clonal selection, generation of plasma and memory cells, primary and secondary immune responses, and the structure and functi

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Antigen-antibody interactions are essential in immunology, determining disease presence, blood types, and more. Diagnostic tests such as agglutination and precipitation reactions play a crucial role. Specimen collection involves obtaining blood samples for analysis, while precipitation reactions for

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Nasmyth's Membrane is a residue found on newly erupted teeth, causing extrinsic staining. It can be treated with selective polishing and proper brushing. Dentigerous cysts, odontogenic cysts associated with developing teeth, may lead to dental issues. Treatment for cysts includes monitoring and, if

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Special stains in pathology provide crucial diagnostic information beyond routine stains like H&E. They help highlight specific tissue components like carbohydrates, amyloid, nucleic acids, lipids, microorganisms, connective tissues, pigments, and minerals. This article delves into the classificatio

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Phase contrast microscopy, invented by Frits Zernike, revolutionized cell observation by utilizing tiny phase changes in light rays to create contrast in living cells. This technique exploits differences in refractive indices to enhance visibility without staining cells, offering a new perspective i

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Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria known for causing serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy. Tuberculosis, caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a chronic infection that affects the lungs and various organs, especially prominent in developing regions d

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H&E staining, a widely used histological technique, involves staining cell nuclei blue and cytoplasmic components pink to aid in tissue structure analysis. This method provides essential insights into normal and pathological tissue changes, assisting in diagnoses and further testing decisions. The p

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Staining techniques in microbiology play a crucial role in visualizing bacteria under microscopes. This content covers the importance of staining, types of dyes, wet and dry mounts, hanging drop technique, and different types of staining methods employed in identifying bacteria. Explore the basics o

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Bacterial taxonomy involves classifying and identifying bacteria, while staining techniques such as Gram staining help differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This article discusses the importance of distinguishing bacterial strains, preparing smears, and performing different

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Salivary enzyme amylase, also known as ptyalin, plays a crucial role in breaking down starch and glycogen into maltose. This practical session in the Zoology department explores the action of salivary enzyme amylase at a temperature of 37°C and pH of 6.6. By conducting experiments with starch, iodi

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Explore the world of chromosomal karyotypes with this detailed guide covering definitions, structures, identification methods, staining techniques, and the importance of karyotyping in genetic analysis. Learn about chromosome labeling, obtaining samples for karyotyping, and the process of arranging

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In-house cell panel development, pre-transfusion compatibility testing, antibody screening methods, and the importance of ABO and Rh typing are discussed in detail. Steps for safe blood transfusion, reverse ABO grouping, AST testing for irregular antibodies, and selection criteria for screen cells i

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Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is an acquired disorder characterized by recurrent thrombosis or pregnancy complications due to autoantibodies against phospholipid-binding plasma proteins. Learn about its classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic antibodies. Discover how lupus an

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Serological work up in an antenatal patient with the identification of a rare anti-Jra antibody, management challenges, and referral for Jra phenotyping. The presence of other significant antibodies excluded, highlighting the importance of accurate blood group testing and potential risks in red cell

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Learn how to focus a microscope for simple staining, understand the morphology of bacteria such as cocci, bacillus, spirals, and pleomorphic shapes, and discover the process of preparing a slide smear with detailed steps and images.

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Agarose gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and analyze DNA or RNA molecules based on size in biochemistry and molecular biology. It involves applying an electric field to move molecules through an agarose matrix towards the positive electrode, with larger molecules moving slower tha

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Staining is a crucial technique in histopathology that involves adding specific dyes to biological substrates to visualize and differentiate cell and tissue components. This chapter covers the principles of staining, types of stains used, factors influencing staining affinity, and common stains empl

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The use of non-radioactive probes in molecular detection involves synthetic DNA or RNA molecules with specific target sequences and reporter groups detectable via fluorescence spectroscopy. Direct and indirect labeling methods utilize fluorescent dyes or enzymes conjugated to modified nucleotides, a

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Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used to detect antigens in tissue sections by utilizing antibodies that bind specifically to target antigens. This method has evolved since the 1930s and plays a vital role in disease diagnosis, drug development, and biological research. IHC combines anatomi

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Learn how to prepare a microscope slide with onion cells for observation. Follow step-by-step instructions, including cutting and peeling onion sections, staining cells with iodine, and using a coverslip. Additionally, understand how to calculate magnification in microscopy to determine actual cell

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This Western Blotting Protocol by Matthew Allan covers detailed steps from preparing protein samples to imaging results. It includes making a polyacrylamide gel, loading protein samples, running the gel, transferring to a membrane, membrane stacking, blocking, antibody staining, chemiluminescent tre

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