End-of-Life Care Insights and Challenges in Healthcare Settings

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30% of acute hospital days used by patients in the last year of life
 
75% of people will be admitted to hospital in the last year of life
 
Location of deaths in Scotland:
Acute setting 
 
52.3%
  
(Decreasing)
Home 
  
30.3%
  
(Increasing)
Hospice 
  
17.4% 
  
(Increasing)
   
(Sharpe  et al, BMJ Supportive and Palliative  Care 2015)
 
On a given day in Scottish hospitals:
10, 743 people were in-patients in the acute setting
28.8% of those admitted died within the next year
9.3% died during that admission
     
(Clark et al, Pal Med  2014)
 
National Survey of  Bereaved People in England (ONS, 2013b)
 
70-75% 
 
Home
4% 
 
Hospital
1% 
 
Care Home
Many no preference
 
Policy focus on
improving figures of
EoLC at home
...’or in a homely setting’
 
 
Is home always the best and preferred place of death?
BMJ 2015;351:h4855 Pollock K
 
Oversimplified
Often no option for ‘it depends’ or ‘it doesn’t matter’
Location a lower priority
Comfort and ‘not being a burden’ more important
Usually healthy people surveyed
Decreases with age and increasing ill health
Lower in patient with non-malignant conditions
Carers views different
Home environment changes
Guilt for carers if not achieved
 
Focus on experience not place
 
 
Patient factors
o
Uncontrolled symptoms
o
Progression of disease
o
Intercurrent illness
 
Care factors
o
Social isolation
o
Carer distress/fatigue
o
Care availability- especially overnight
 
Healthcare factors
o
Skills of team
o
Feeling of safety
o
Out of hours
 
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Identification of patients with needs
SPICT, GSF
Identification of patients with ‘specialist’ needs
 
Difficulty ‘standing back’ in acute hospitals
Uncertainty
What is the aim of care?
 
Communication
Changing clinical teams
Environment
 
Skills
Training for hospital medical teams- 2/3 said they need more
Communication skills for prognosis/goals of care conversations
Confidence with analgesia
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HPCT involvement
Kings College Hospital, London
125 hospital inpatients
Significant improvements in symptom control
Pain, nausea, insomnia, anorexia
Improved understanding of diagnosis and prognosis
 
 
Ellershaw et al, Palliative Medicine, Vol 9,
Issue 2, 1995
 
1. The patient has 
active, progressive advanced disease
, a 
limited prognosis
, and
the 
focus of care is on quality of life
, for example:
 Potentially fatal conditions where treatment has changed from curative to palliative intent, e.g.
cancer, multiple co-morbidities where curative treatment is no longer possible
 Complex symptom control issues during treatment
Treatment available to prolong life but prognosis is uncertain, e.g. advanced chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, advanced heart failure
Palliative treatment from the outset with no cure available, e.g. motor neurone disease, multiple
systems atrophy, advanced dementia.
 
2. The patient has 
unresolved complex needs 
that 
cannot be met by the caring
team 
eg.
 
complicated symptoms, difficult family situations, or ethical issues
regarding treatment decisions.
 
3. Patient 
consent
 for referral (if able to give consent)
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Hairmyres Hospital- 
Mar –June 2018
 
Aim to improve delivery of palliative care in AMRU
HPCT involved earlier in admission
Early holistic assessment of needs
Help define goals of care
EOLC support for patients, carers and staff
Get patient to most appropriate place of care sooner
Education and feedback for medical and nursing staff
 
Proactive daily visit from HPCT to medical receiving
ward
 
Similar project in Ninewells Hospital, Dundee 2016
 
 
 
 
Increased medical sessions
From 2 per week to 5 (consultant or experienced specialty
doctor)
 
Attend after post-receiving ward round
 
Discuss with AMRU medical team and senior nurses to
identify patients with palliative care needs
 
Review or advise as needed
 
Run in period then data collection for 8 weeks
Record data on all HPCT referrals admitted through AMRU
Compared to corresponding 8 weeks 2017
 
Length of time from admission to
referral/review
Reason for referral to HPCT
Length of hospital stay
Outcome- died, discharged, transfer
Intervention by HPCT
Investigation rates
Readmission rates
Place of death
 
 
Improved links between HPCT and medical
team
Increased referrals for outpatients?
Integration of HPCT
Improved communication with community
HPCT
Referrals both ways
 
 
Those not seen in AMRU
moved out before am reviews
weekend admissions
new diagnosis/change in aim of treatment during
admission
 
PEOLC is big business in acute hospitals
 
This approach delivered
Holistic HPCT review more quickly
Fewer days in acute hospital
Reduced re-admission rate
Patients less likely to die in acute hospital
 
Similar results seen in Tayside
 
Goals consistent with Realistic Medicine
Important for patients with life-limiting illnesses
 
 
 
Application to repeat project in University
Hospital Wishaw
Experienced CNS
 
Present results to SPIG
Lobby for increased resource to continue
Overall cost-saving?
 
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Understanding end-of-life care dynamics is crucial in healthcare. Data shows a significant portion of hospital days are used in the last year of life, with varying preferences for place of death. Patient factors, care factors, and healthcare factors all influence end-of-life experiences. Challenges include identifying patients with special needs, communication gaps, and training medical teams for better care provision.


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  1. 30% of acute hospital days used by patients in the last year of life 75% of people will be admitted to hospital in the last year of life Location of deaths in Scotland: Acute setting Home Hospice 52.3% 30.3% 17.4% (Sharpe et al, BMJ Supportive and Palliative Care 2015) (Decreasing) (Increasing) (Increasing) On a given day in Scottish hospitals: 10, 743 people were in-patients in the acute setting 28.8% of those admitted died within the next year 9.3% died during that admission (Clark et al, Pal Med 2014)

  2. Home Hospital Care Home Hospice EOLC outstanding or excellent 53% 33% 51% 59% EOLC Good 28% 36% 33% 26% EOLCGood to outstanding 81% 69% 84% 85% Treated with dignity 72-78% 56.8% 61.4% 80-86% Pain relieved all of the time 19% 39% 46% 63% National Survey of Bereaved People in England (ONS, 2013b)

  3. 70-75% Home 4% 1% Many no preference Hospital Care Home Policy focus on improving figures of EoLC at home ... or in a homely setting

  4. Is home always the best and preferred place of death? BMJ 2015;351:h4855 Pollock K Oversimplified Often no option for it depends or it doesn t matter Location a lower priority Comfort and not being a burden more important Usually healthy people surveyed Decreases with age and increasing ill health Lower in patient with non-malignant conditions Carers views different Home environment changes Guilt for carers if not achieved Focus on experience not place

  5. Patient factors o Uncontrolled symptoms o Progression of disease o Intercurrent illness Care factors o Social isolation o Carer distress/fatigue o Care availability- especially overnight Healthcare factors o Skills of team o Feeling of safety o Out of hours

  6. Identification of patients with needs SPICT, GSF Identification of patients with specialist needs Difficulty standing back in acute hospitals Uncertainty What is the aim of care? Communication Changing clinical teams Environment Skills Training for hospital medical teams- 2/3 said they need more Communication skills for prognosis/goals of care conversations Confidence with analgesia

  7. Ellershaw et al, Palliative Medicine, Vol 9, Issue 2, 1995 HPCT involvement Kings College Hospital, London 125 hospital inpatients Significant improvements in symptom control Pain, nausea, insomnia, anorexia Improved understanding of diagnosis and prognosis

  8. Hairmyres Hospital- Mar June 2018 Aim to improve delivery of palliative care in AMRU HPCT involved earlier in admission Early holistic assessment of needs Help define goals of care EOLC support for patients, carers and staff Get patient to most appropriate place of care sooner Education and feedback for medical and nursing staff Proactive daily visit from HPCT to medical receiving ward Similar project in Ninewells Hospital, Dundee 2016

  9. Increased medical sessions From 2 per week to 5 (consultant or experienced specialty doctor) Attend after post-receiving ward round Discuss with AMRU medical team and senior nurses to identify patients with palliative care needs Review or advise as needed Run in period then data collection for 8 weeks Record data on all HPCT referrals admitted through AMRU Compared to corresponding 8 weeks 2017

  10. Length of time from admission to referral/review Reason for referral to HPCT Length of hospital stay Outcome- died, discharged, transfer Intervention by HPCT Investigation rates Readmission rates Place of death

  11. 2018 2017 Number of patients referred to HPCT 64 24 Age (mean, years) 71 71 Female sex 45 58 % with non-malignant disease 89% 79%

  12. 2018 2 2017 7 Time from admission to HPCT referral (median, days) Time from admission to HPCT review (median, days) 2 10 % of patients referred directly from AMRU rather than later in admission 66% (42 pts) 52% 13% (3 pts) 17% % of patients seen within 48hrs of admission

  13. 2018 2017 Length of hospital stay, all medical HPCT referrals (median, days) 8 26 -excluding patients who died in hospital 8 18 -patients admitted to medical ward from AMRU 13 18 Discharged/transferred directly from AMRU % 34% 0%

  14. 2018 2017 Readmitted within 8 weeks of end of study period % 21% 29%

  15. 2018 6 2017 11 Duration of involvement (median, days) Total days of HPCT involvement 384 264

  16. 2017 2018 - All Patients 2018- Patients seen in AMU Acute Hospital 58% 53% 36% Home 24% 30% 42% Hospice 12% 13% 21% Other Hospital 6% 3% -

  17. Improved links between HPCT and medical team Increased referrals for outpatients? Integration of HPCT Improved communication with community HPCT Referrals both ways

  18. Those not seen in AMRU moved out before am reviews weekend admissions new diagnosis/change in aim of treatment during admission

  19. PEOLC is big business in acute hospitals This approach delivered Holistic HPCT review more quickly Fewer days in acute hospital Reduced re-admission rate Patients less likely to die in acute hospital Similar results seen in Tayside Goals consistent with Realistic Medicine Important for patients with life-limiting illnesses

  20. Application to repeat project in University Hospital Wishaw Experienced CNS Present results to SPIG Lobby for increased resource to continue Overall cost-saving?

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