Understanding Use of Force and Control Tactics Training

 
Use of Force and Control Tactics
Training
 
Review legal concepts relating to use of force
Discuss civil liability
Utilize critical decision-making practices
Continue to employ de-escalation techniques
Practice sound control tactics
 
2
 
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t
:
A peace officer need not retreat or desist from efforts to make a
lawful arrest because of resistance or threatened resistance to the
arrest.
A peace officer is justified in the use of any force believed to be
necessary to effect the arrest.
A peace officer is justified in the use of any force which he
believes to be necessary to defend himself or another from bodily
harm while making the arrest
 
7
 
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t
:
A peace officer is justified in using deadly force only when he/she believes
that such force is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury to
him/herself or others OR when he/she believes both that:
o
Such force is necessary to prevent the arrest from being defeated by resistance
or escape
A
N
D
o
The person to be arrested has committed or attempted a forcible felony or is
attempting to escape and possesses a deadly weapon, or otherwise indicates
that he will endanger human life or inflict serious bodily injury unless arrested
without delay.
 
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t
:
A peace officer making an arrest pursuant to an invalid
warrant is justified in the use of any force which he/she
would be justified in using if the warrant were valid, unless
he/she knows that the warrant is invalid
 
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10
 
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A peace officer who has an arrested or convicted person in
his/her custody is justified in the use of such force to prevent
the escape of the person from custody as the officer would be
justified in using under subsection (a) if the officer were
arresting the person.
 
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A peace officer is justified in the use of such force, including deadly
force, which the officer believes to be necessary to prevent the
escape from a correctional institution of a person whom the officer
believes to be lawfully detained in such institution under sentence
for an offense or awaiting trial or commitment for an offense.
 
Does your department have a current use of
force policy?
Does your department have current arrest
policies?
What actions are acceptable?
What actions are unacceptable?
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11
 
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12
 
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13
 
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14
 
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What’s really going on here
What’s going on internally with the person
Avoid authoritarian action
 
 
 
Title 42 US Code § 1983
Facts to be proven in a civil action:
1.
The defendant had a duty;
2.
The defendant breached that duty;
3.
There was a causal connection between the
breach of the duty and the injury; and
4.
The injury to the plaintiff resulted from that
breach.
 
15
 
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16
 
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17
 
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Figueroa v. Mazza
825 F.3d 89, 106 (2d Cir. 2016)
 
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18
 
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19
 
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Deadly force is considered a seizure under the 4th
Amendment.
A police officer may not seize an unarmed, non-
dangerous person by shooting him dead.
An officer can justifiably use deadly force if the officer
believes that a suspect poses a significant threat of death
or serious bodily injury to the officer or others.
 
 
20
 
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:
Seriousness of the offense
Immediate threat to the officer or others
Resisting a lawful arrest
Fleeing a lawful arrest
 
21
 
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(
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)
 
1.
Collect information
2.
Assess situation,
threats & risks
3.
Consider police powers
& agency policy
4.
Identify options & determine
best course of action
5.
Act, review & re-assess
 
 
22
 
B
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C
D
M
 
Helps officers to organize their decision-
making process and reach better decisions
Helps officers to explain their actions after
the fact
 
 
23
 
D
e
-
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c
a
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a
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Requires cooperation
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Recognize, create, and maintain conditions
that allow de-escalation of one’s own
emotions
 
 
24
 
C
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C
o
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l
 
C
o
n
t
a
i
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m
e
n
t
:
Priority
Limit movement
Slow down and focus on de-escalation
 
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
:
Establish scene control
Recognize officer’s decision to de-escalate tied to
agency and community support
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25
 
C
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&
 
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a
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i
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n
 
C
o
n
t
a
c
t
:
Subject and officer are willing to engage in verbal de-
escalation
Subject understands the officer
Recognize if contact can be established
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
Requires competency in emotional intelligence,
patience, and skill
Utilize  “persuasive communication”
 
 
26
 
A
c
t
i
v
e
 
L
i
s
t
e
n
i
n
g
 
Use “I” statements
Engage with open-ended questions
Employ the mirroring technique
Paraphrase what you heard
Consider your body language
 
 
 
 
 
27
 
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
 
D
o
s
 
&
 
D
o
n
t
s
 
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a
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o
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-
 
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o
e
s
 
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O
T
w
o
r
k
!
Say instead “Try breathing with me” or “Take a deep
breath with me”
Don’t “draw a line in the sand”
Avoid being condescending
Use first names when addressing the person
 
 
28
 
E
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
 
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
 
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
 
Are you practicing the basics of your craft?
Do you know the law? Criminal and civil?
Is the use of force proportional?
Are you practicing the CDM?
How sharp are your communication skills?
Are officers working together as a team?
 
 
 
29
 
C
o
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t
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l
 
T
a
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s
 
R
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w
 
 
30
 
 
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Apply handcuffs smoothly & quickly
Pistol Grip
Double Push Principle
Double Lock Cuffs
Check for Tightness
 
 
32
 
 
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Instructors/ Students will participate in a check
for weapons prior to start of physical practice.
DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR WILL NOT BE
TOLERATED.
 
35
 
 
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Prior to training:
Shower
No cologne/perfumes
Trim fingernails
Remove all jewelry
 
36
 
 
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Follow instructions
Train in a safe professional manner
Advise of any pre-existing injuries or health
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 Participate to the level of your ability
 
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No horseplay or aggressive actions which
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Position yourself on the training mats properly
when practicing techniques to avoid injury.
 Injuries must be reported to the instructor
immediately
 
38
 
 
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after they occur; but no later than the end of
class.
Please Respect 
The Rules
.
 
39
 
 
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42
Slide Note

Instructor’s Note:

In preparation for the training, instructors should:

Display the rules for the practical training

Ensure the gym or training area is set-up for the practical training , e.g., mats have been put down

Ensure all students have their handcuffs and do not bring any weapons

Have copies of the Control Tactics Student Evaluation form available for completion

MPOETC © 2023

Use of Force and Control Tactics

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Explore the legal aspects, civil liability, decision-making practices, de-escalation techniques, and control tactics related to use of force. Emphasizes the sanctity of human life, proportionality in force application, and justifications under the U.S. Constitution and statutes. Examines the criteria for law enforcement officers when using force during arrests, including deadly force situations.


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  1. Use of Force and Control Tactics Training

  2. Use of Force and Control Tactics Training Focus Review legal concepts relating to use of force Discuss civil liability Utilize critical decision-making practices Continue to employ de-escalation techniques Practice sound control tactics 2

  3. Use of Force and Control Tactics Sanctity of Human Life The need for law enforcement to protect themselves, members of the public, and, whenever possible, criminal suspects and subjects in crisis from danger and harm. 3

  4. Use of Force and Control Tactics Proportionality: Legally Justified & Ethically Justified Legally Justified:, Justification of force used through application of Federal & State laws for the given circumstances Ethically Justified:, Reasonable application of force used with conscious thought & concern given to the circumstances 4

  5. Use of Force and Control Tactics Legally Justified U.S. CONSTITUTION. 4THAmendment. to be free from the use of excessive force . 5

  6. Use of Force and Control Tactics Legally Justified 2016 Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes. Title 18 - CRIMES AND OFFENSES. Chapter 5 - General Principles of Justification. Section 508 - Use of force in law enforcement. 6

  7. Use of Force and Control Tactics Legally Justified Section 508 (a) (1) - Peace officer s use of force in making arrest: A peace officer need not retreat or desist from efforts to make a lawful arrest because of resistance or threatened resistance to the arrest. A peace officer is justified in the use of any force believed to be necessary to effect the arrest. A peace officer is justified in the use of any force which he believes to be necessary to defend himself or another from bodily harm while making the arrest 7

  8. Use of Force and Control Tactics Legally Justified Section 508 (a) (1) - Peace officer s use of force in making arrest: A peace officer is justified in using deadly force only when he/she believes that such force is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury to him/herself or others OR when he/she believes both that: o Such force is necessary to prevent the arrest from being defeated by resistance or escape AND o The person to be arrested has committed or attempted a forcible felony or is attempting to escape and possesses a deadly weapon, or otherwise indicates that he will endanger human life or inflict serious bodily injury unless arrested without delay. 8

  9. Use of Force and Control Tactics Legally Justified Section 508 (a) (2) - Peace officer s use of force in making arrest: A peace officer making an arrest pursuant to an invalid warrant is justified in the use of any force which he/she would be justified in using if the warrant were valid, unless he/she knows that the warrant is invalid 9

  10. Use of Force and Control Tactics Legally Justified Section 508 (c) (1) - Use of force regarding escape A peace officer who has an arrested or convicted person in his/her custody is justified in the use of such force to prevent the escape of the person from custody as the officer would be justified in using under subsection (a) if the officer were arresting the person. Section 508 (c) (2) - Use of force regarding escape A peace officer is justified in the use of such force, including deadly force, which the officer believes to be necessary to prevent the escape from a correctional institution of a person whom the officer believes to be lawfully detained in such institution under sentence for an offense or awaiting trial or commitment for an offense. 10

  11. Use of Force and Control Tactics Review Department Policy Does your department have a current use of force policy? Does your department have current arrest policies? What actions are acceptable? What actions are unacceptable? Are ALL officers aware of and familiar with these policies? 11

  12. Use of Force and Control Tactics Ethically Justified The conscious consideration of circumstances surrounding the situation at hand. 12

  13. Use of Force and Control Tactics Emotional Intelligence Self Awareness Self Management Social Awareness Relationship Management 13

  14. Use of Force and Control Tactics Contact Maturity What s really going on here What s going on internally with the person Avoid authoritarian action 14

  15. Use of Force and Control Tactics Civil Liability Title 42 US Code 1983 Facts to be proven in a civil action: 1. The defendant had a duty; 2. The defendant breached that duty; 3. There was a causal connection between the breach of the duty and the injury; and 4. The injury to the plaintiff resulted from that breach. 15

  16. Use of Force and Control Tactics Vicarious Liability Vicarious liability is a situation in which one party is held partly responsible for the unlawful actions of a third party. 16

  17. Use of Force and Control Tactics Duty to Intervene A police officer is under a duty to intercede and prevent fellow officers from subjecting a citizen to excessive force and, may be held liable for his failure to do so if he observes the use of force and has sufficient time to act to prevent it. Figueroa v. Mazza 825 F.3d 89, 106 (2d Cir. 2016) 17

  18. Use of Force and Control Tactics Qualified Immunity Protects a government official from lawsuits alleging that the official violated a plaintiff's rights, only allowing suits where officials violated a clearly established statutory or constitutional right. 18

  19. Use of Force and Control Tactics Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985) Deadly force is considered a seizure under the 4th Amendment. A police officer may not seize an unarmed, non- dangerous person by shooting him dead. An officer can justifiably use deadly force if the officer believes that a suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officer or others. 19

  20. Use of Force and Control Tactics Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989) Reasonableness must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene: Seriousness of the offense Immediate threat to the officer or others Resisting a lawful arrest Fleeing a lawful arrest 20

  21. Use of Force and Control Tactics Critical Decision-Making Model (CDM) Collect information 1. Collect information 2. Assess situation, threats & risks Assess the situation, threats, & risks Act, review, & re-assess ETHICS 3. Consider police powers & agency policy VALUES 4. Identify options & determine best course of action PROPORTIONALITY SANCTITY OF HUMAN LIFE 5. Act, review & re-assess Consider police powers & agency policy Identify options & determine the best course of action 21

  22. Use of Force and Control Tactics Benefits of the CDM Helps officers to organize their decision- making process and reach better decisions Helps officers to explain their actions after the fact 22

  23. Use of Force and Control Tactics De-escalation Requires cooperation Is not something you do to a person Recognize, create, and maintain conditions that allow de-escalation of one s own emotions 23

  24. Use of Force and Control Tactics Containment & Control Containment: Priority Limit movement Slow down and focus on de-escalation Control: Establish scene control Recognize officer s decision to de-escalate tied to agency and community support 24

  25. Use of Force and Control Tactics Contact & Communication Contact: Subject and officer are willing to engage in verbal de- escalation Subject understands the officer Recognize if contact can be established Communication: Requires competency in emotional intelligence, patience, and skill Utilize persuasive communication 25

  26. Use of Force and Control Tactics Active Listening Use I statements Engage with open-ended questions Employ the mirroring technique Paraphrase what you heard Consider your body language 26

  27. Use of Force and Control Tactics Communication Dos & Don ts Stop saying Relax or Calm Down" - DoesNOT work! Say instead Try breathing with me or Take a deep breath with me Don t draw a line in the sand Avoid being condescending Use first names when addressing the person 27

  28. Use of Force and Control Tactics Ensuring Positive Outcomes Are you practicing the basics of your craft? Do you know the law? Criminal and civil? Is the use of force proportional? Are you practicing the CDM? How sharp are your communication skills? Are officers working together as a team? 28

  29. Use of Force and Control Tactics Control Tactics Review 29

  30. Use of Force and Control Tactics Handcuff Selection 30

  31. Use of Force and Control Tactics Basic Handcuffing Concepts It is important to gain control of the subject from the first touch Apply handcuffs smoothly & quickly Pistol Grip Double Push Principle Double Lock Cuffs Check for Tightness 31

  32. Use of Force and Control Tactics Officer Positioning 32

  33. Use of Force and Control Tactics Reactionary Gap The minimum safe zone that an officer should maintain when dealing with others. 33

  34. Use of Force and Control Tactics 34

  35. Use of Force and Control Tactics Rules for Practical Class NO LIVE FIREARMS, CHEMICAL AGENTS, KNIVES, OR ANY OTHER WEAPONS ARE ALLOWED. Instructors/ Students will participate in a check for weapons prior to start of physical practice. DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR WILL NOT BE TOLERATED. 35

  36. Use of Force and Control Tactics Rules for Practical Class Prior to training: Shower No cologne/perfumes Trim fingernails Remove all jewelry 36

  37. Use of Force and Control Tactics Rules for Practical Class - Instructors - Create a safe training environment Maintain discipline Students: Follow instructions Train in a safe professional manner Advise of any pre-existing injuries or health conditions to be taken into consideration Participate to the level of your ability 37

  38. Use of Force and Control Tactics Rules for Practical Class Students: Exercise good judgement No horseplay or aggressive actions which might cause injury to a student or instructor will be tolerated Position yourself on the training mats properly when practicing techniques to avoid injury. Injuries must be reported to the instructor immediately 38

  39. Use of Force and Control Tactics Rules for Practical Class Students: All students are safety officers: Any condition that is unsafe must be reported to the instructor. All injuries, no matter how slight, must be reported to the instructor as soon as possible after they occur; but no later than the end of class. Please Respect The Rules. 39

  40. Use of Force and Control Tactics SAFETY CHECK!! Warm-Up 40

  41. Use of Force and Control Tactics Practical Application Effective Control for Better Outcomes 41

  42. Use of Force and Control Tactics 42

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