Veterinary Guide to Urinary System Examination
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F
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U
R
R
I
I
N
N
E
E
•
Free catch (mid stream voided)
•
Catheterisation
•
Cystocentesis
•
Should be analysed as rapidly as possible after collection, ideally
within 30 min
•
If this is not possible, samples should be refrigerated immediately &
stored preferably for more than 6 – 12 hours after collection
Preservatives:
•
Toluene
•
Thymol
•
Formalin
•
P
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Normal :
yellow to light
amber
& it depends
primarily on the
concentration of
urochromes
A
A
N
N
A
A
L
L
Y
Y
S
S
I
I
S
S
•
Interpretation :
•
Yellow to amber- normal
•
Colorless to pale yellow
– dilute urine with low
specific gravity & polyuria
End stage renal disease
Excessive intake of water
Diabetes insipidus
Pyometra
•
Interpretation :
Interpretation :
•
D
a
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k
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e
l
l
o
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–
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y
•
1. Acute nephritis
•
2. Diminished intake of fluids
•
3. Dehydration – prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
•
4. Fever
•
Red, wine or brown:
•
Hematuria
•
Hemoglobinuria
•
Porphyrins
•
Brown to brownish black: hemoglobin
•
Myoglobin in azoturia
Horse: Normal color is yellow when voided, turns deep brown color upon standing
(pyrocatechin)
Transparency:
Clear, cloudy and flocculent
I
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r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
:
Clear : normal urine, except in horse where it is thick & cloudy due to calcium carbonate
crystals & mucus
Cloudy : not necessarily pathological
1.
Epithelial cells
2.
Blood
3.
Leucocytes
4.
Bacteria
5.
Mucus
6.
Crystals
•
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:
:
•
Directly proportional to urine osmolality, solute concentration and urine
density, or the ability of kidney to concentrate or dilute the urine over that of
plasma
•
Valuable test, as concentrating ability of the kidneys is among the first sign
of
renal tubule
•
Recorded either using urinometer method or by a refractometer in cases when
the urine quantity is very small
•
NORMAL: 1.015-1.050
•
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•
Non pathologic:
•
Excessive water consumption –most common cause
•
Diuretics
•
Parentral fluids
Pathologic:
•
End stage renal disease
•
Diabetes insipidus
•
Pyometra
•
I
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•
Non pathologic:
•
Decreased water consumption –most common
cause
•
High environmental temperature
•
Excessive panting
Pathologic:
•
Dehydration
•
Fever
•
Diabetes mellitus
•
Disease state in which
abnormal solids are present
in urine (protein, glucose)
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
•
U
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:
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:
p
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-
•
Excess protein
•
Starvation
•
Prolonged muscular activity
•
Acidosis
A
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e
-
•
Cystitis
•
Urine retention
•
Alkalosis
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Urinary proteins:
Urinary proteins:
•
Glucose: Benedicts test
•
Acetone: Ross test (REAGENT : sodium nitroprusside; ammonium sulfate )
•
Bilirubin: Gmelin test (nitric acid ):
bile duct obstruction, hepatic
necrosis caused by
infectious canine hepatitis, leptospirosis and other infectious diseases haemolytic
diseases such as immune-mediated
haemolytic anaemia
Dipstick method
•
M
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t
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:
•
Centrifugation
•
Put a sediment on the glass slide
•
Cover with a coverglass
•
Low power microscopy then high power
A.
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Squamous epithelial cells: largest cell appearing in urine sediment
•
Irregular outline & occur singly or in sheets
•
Derived from urethra & vagina
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
•
S
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n
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f
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c
a
n
c
e
:
•
Certain number of epithelial cells in urine id normal
•
Squamous epi cells may appear in large number especially in voided samples from
female animals
•
Pathologic condition : cystitis, pyelonephritis
•
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Indications: contamination from genital tract
•
Urethritis
•
Cystitis, pyelitis, nephritis
WBC; RBC
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•
Formed principally in the lumen of distal tubules & collecting tubules of kidney
•
When cells & cellular debris are present in the tubules, they are included in hyaline
matrix at time of formation
•
Types of casts:
•
H
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Colorless, homogenous, semitransparent, cylindrical structures with parallel sides &
usually rounded ends
•
Indicates mildest form of renal irritation
•
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•
Most common type of cast seen in domestic animals
•
Indicates a more severe type of renal disease than hyaline cast, represent integration of
renal tubular epithelium
•
Large numbers are usually associated with more severe renal disease involving necrosis of
tubular cells
•
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:
:
•
Generally indicates degree of renal changes – renal irritation. Renal inflammation, renal
degeneration
•
Microorganisms: bacteria, yeast, fungi, parasite
•
Unorganised sediment:
1.
Crystals: Depends on pH
•
N
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:
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Alkaline urine: triple & amorphous phophates, calcium carbonate
•
Abnormal: minor significance; except in case of urolithiasis & few metabolic
disturbance
Struvite (coffin shaped)
Calcium carbonate
Hyaline cast
Granular cast
This guide covers the examination of the urinary system in veterinary medicine, including collection and analysis of urine samples. It discusses different aspects such as color, volume, transparency, specific gravity, and common interpretations based on findings. Through clear illustrations and detailed descriptions, veterinarians can understand how to interpret urinary system parameters for diagnosis and treatment in animals.
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Presentation Transcript
EXAMINATION OF URINARY SYSTEM UNIT -2 B y - D r S o n a m B h a t t A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r V M D B V C P a t n a
COLLECTION OF URINE Free catch (mid stream voided) Catheterisation Cystocentesis Should be analysed as rapidly as possible after collection, ideally within 30 min If this is not possible, samples should be refrigerated immediately & stored preferably for more than 6 12 hours after collection Preservatives: Toluene Thymol Formalin
ANALYSIS Physical Physical Examination Examination of Urine Urine: : of Interpretation : Yellow to amber- normal Urine Urine Volume Volume Colorless to pale yellow dilute urine with low specific gravity & polyuria Color Color Recorded while observing it in a test tube or in a urinometer cylinder & & transparency: End stage renal disease Excessive intake of water Diabetes insipidus Normal : yellow to light amber & primarily concentration urochromes Pyometra it depends on the of
Interpretation : Dark yellow to yellow Dark yellow to yellow brown: small quantity brown: concentrated urine with high specific gravity & 1. Acute nephritis 2. Diminished intake of fluids 3. Dehydration prolonged vomiting or diarrhea 4. Fever Red, wine or brown: Hematuria Hemoglobinuria Porphyrins Brown to brownish black: hemoglobin Myoglobin in azoturia Horse: Normal color is yellow when voided, turns deep brown color upon standing (pyrocatechin)
Transparency: Clear, cloudy and flocculent Interpretation Interpretation: : Clear : normal urine, except in horse where it is thick & cloudy due to calcium carbonate crystals & mucus Cloudy : not necessarily pathological 1. Epithelial cells 2. Blood 3. Leucocytes 4. Bacteria 5. Mucus 6. Crystals
Specific gravity: Specific gravity: Directly proportional to urine osmolality, solute concentration and urine density, or the ability of kidney to concentrate or dilute the urine over that of plasma Valuable test, as concentrating ability of the kidneys is among the first sign of renal tubule Recorded either using urinometer method or by a refractometer in cases when the urine quantity is very small NORMAL: 1.015-1.050
Decreased specific gravity Decreased specific gravity Pathologic: Non pathologic: End stage renal disease Excessive water consumption most common cause Diabetes insipidus Diuretics Pyometra Parentral fluids Increased specific gravity Increased specific gravity Pathologic: Dehydration Non pathologic: Fever Decreased water consumption most common cause Diabetes mellitus Disease state in which High environmental temperature abnormal solids are present Excessive panting in urine (protein, glucose)
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION Urinary pH: Urinary pH: Alkaline: horse, cattle, sheep Alkaline: horse, cattle, sheep Acid Acid- - dog, cat dog, cat Acid or alkaline : pig Acid or alkaline : pig Acid- Alkaline- Excess protein Cystitis Starvation Urine retention Prolonged muscular activity Alkalosis Acidosis
Urinary proteins: Tests Tests Robert s test Sulfosalicylic acid test Non pathological causes of proteinuria- high protein meal, exercise and stress Pathological causes include renal disease, glomerular leakage of proteins occur, pyelonephritis, Bence- Jones proteinuria
Glucose: Benedicts test Acetone: Ross test (REAGENT : sodium nitroprusside; ammonium sulfate ) Bilirubin: Gmelin test (nitric acid ): bile duct obstruction, hepatic necrosis caused by infectious canine hepatitis, leptospirosis and other infectious diseases haemolytic diseases such as immune-mediatedhaemolytic anaemia
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION Method: Centrifugation Put a sediment on the glass slide Cover with a coverglass Low power microscopy then high power A. Organic sediments: Epithelial cells: squamous epithelial cell; transitional epithelial cells; renal epithelial cells Squamous epithelial cells: largest cell appearing in urine sediment Irregular outline & occur singly or in sheets Derived from urethra & vagina
Significance: Certain number of epithelial cells in urine id normal Squamous epi cells may appear in large number especially in voided samples from female animals Pathologic condition : cystitis, pyelonephritis Erythrocytes : round Leucocyte or pus cells : appear as granular cell that are larger than erythrocyte & smaller than epithelial cells Indications: contamination from genital tract Urethritis Cystitis, pyelitis, nephritis
Upper: RBC in fresh urine are red with a smooth texture. Lower: RBCs in stored urine can crenate taking on a spiky appearance (arrows) WBC; RBC
B. Casts: cylindrical bodies appearing in urinary sediments Formed principally in the lumen of distal tubules & collecting tubules of kidney When cells & cellular debris are present in the tubules, they are included in hyaline matrix at time of formation Types of casts: Hyaline cast: made of protein alone Colorless, homogenous, semitransparent, cylindrical structures with parallel sides & usually rounded ends Indicates mildest form of renal irritation
Granular cast: hyaline cast containing fine or coarse granules ; chiefly derived from disintegration of tubular epithelial cells Most common type of cast seen in domestic animals Indicates a more severe type of renal disease than hyaline cast, represent integration of renal tubular epithelium Large numbers are usually associated with more severe renal disease involving necrosis of tubular cells Epithelial cast:, waxy cast, fatty, blood, leucocytic, mucus & mucus thread Significance: Generally indicates degree of renal changes renal irritation. Renal inflammation, renal degeneration Microorganisms: bacteria, yeast, fungi, parasite
Unorganised sediment: 1. Crystals: Depends on pH Normal: Acid urine: amorphous urates & uric acid Alkaline urine: triple & amorphous phophates, calcium carbonate Abnormal: minor significance; except in case of urolithiasis & few metabolic disturbance
Struvite (coffin shaped) Calcium carbonate
Hyaline cast Granular cast
