Understanding Social Protection and Disability Inclusion
Social protection encompasses various programs such as social security, social assistance, and welfare to ensure individuals have access to healthcare and income security. Disability-inclusive social protection addresses risks and vulnerabilities faced by Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), including poverty, lack of affordable healthcare, restricted participation of children with disabilities, and lower employment rates among PWDs. COVID-19 has exposed gaps in social protection systems, highlighting the importance of policies promoting equality, safety at work, and fair conditions.
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SOCIAL PROTECTION AND DISABILITY INCLUSION Dr. Damaris Muhika 3rd June 2019 1
Decent Work Agenda ILO Strategic Objectives (Four Pillars) Rights at Work Employment Creation Social Protection Social Dialogue
DEFINITION Social security is defined as the protection that a society provides to individuals and households to ensure access to healthcare and to guarantee income security, particularly in cases of old age, unemployment, sickness, invalidity, work injury, maternity or loss of a breadwinner. Social protection is a broader term which consists of social security, social assistance and welfare programmes.
Are PWD properly cushioned agaisnt shocks? What social protection gaps exposed by Covid-19?
MAJORISSUESCOVEREDUNDERSOCIALPROTECTION AGENDA a) Policies for social protection e.g gender equality, maternity protection b) Protection from risks - Unemployment is one of the risks, health risks and natural disasters c) Safety in the workplace e.g. the conditions under which migrant or vulnerable workers are working d) Health and work - promotes health and safety at work e) Fair conditions at work covers employment and unemployment ratios f) Pension systems - A system of basic universal pensions would provide income security e.g. in case of old age, invalidity and survivorship
RISKSANDVULNERABILITIESWHICHAREADDRESSEDBYSOCIAL PROTECTIONSYSTEMS Poverty:PWDs over-represented among the poorest in the world Unaffordable health care, including rehabilitation:PWDs in rural economy more affected Children with disabilities: Families may restrict participation or even hide children from the rest of the community due to stigma hence reducing the child s access to support Persons with disabilities of working age: PWDs especially women, are significantly less likely to be employed Older persons with disabilities: The prevalence of disability increases with age hence increasing chance of old age poverty
DISABILITY INCLUSIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION Globally, over 1B people live with a disability. More than seven in ten are not supported by social protection programmes. Access to healthcare, education and livelihoods PWD is slower than for their non-disabled peers. There is evidence that disability increases the risk of individuals and families falling into poverty because of additional costs if they are to access school or employment Disability benefits can provide them with essential support to increase their independence For instance, an investment of 0.1% of GDP (i.e. Kes. 2,000 for all children with a severe disability). This would allow these children to unleash their full potential
CURRENT SOCIAL PROTECTIONBENEFITSIN KENYA Under the Government Procurement Opportunities ((AGPO) one is entitled to 30% of Government s tenders ringfenced for women, youth and persons living with disabilities Tax exemption for the first Ksh.150,000 monthly income. In addition, a person is allowed to deduct a maximum of Ksh.50,000 in respect of home care and personal care where applicable. Access to Government s cash transfer program Tax exemption for assistive devices. The blind and those on wheel chairs who require personal assistance receive Ksh.15,000 monthly facilitative allowance approved SRC
CURRENT SOCIAL PROTECTIONBENEFITSIN KENYA .... Educational assistance from the National Council For Persons Living with Disabilities (NCPWD) based on severity of disability. Free sun screen lotion and lip balms to persons with albinism. Provision of tools of trade for those who have received vocational training. Consideration for duty exemption on importation of vehicles modified for use by persons with physical disabilities. Extension of retirement age to 65 years if one so wishes. Exemption from payment of parking fees by county governments.
ELIGIBILITY FOR SP PROGRAMS -Households with a person with severe disability and who needs: Permanent care including feeding, toiletry, protection from danger from themselves and from other persons and the environment and thus, require intensive support on a daily basis. Must be poor??? Beneficiary/household must not be enrolled in any other Cash Transfer programme A member of the household must not be receiving any pension and/or regular income
LEGALAND POLICY FRAMEWORKON SP 1. The ILO Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 2. Social Security (Minimum Standards) ILO Convention 102 (1952) 3. Transition from informal to formal economy ILO Recommendation 204 (2015) 4. Rights of domestic workers -ILO Convention 189 (2011) 5. Social Protection floors Recommendation 202 (2012) 6. Constitution of Kenya (2010) 7. Retirement Benefit Act (1997) 8. National Social Protection Policy (2011) 9. Social Assistance Act (2013) 10. National Social Security Fund Act (2013) 11. National Health Insurance Fund Act (2013)
NATIONAL COUNCILFOR PERSONSWITH DISABILITIES The mandate of NCPWD is coordinate government s disability services, benefits, and grants e.g: Provision of Assistive Devices e.g. wheelchairs, crutches, hearing aids and prosthetic arms or legs (supported through APDK) Economic empowerment e.g. grants to Community and Self Help Groups for Economic Empowerment Education assistance e.g. Education grants to increase enrolment and retention in education/training institutions Infrastructure and Equipment Grants e.g. establishment of special schools Cash Transfer e.g. persons with severe disabilities receive Kes. 2000 p/m (47,200 households) Job PlacementPWD can register with the Job Placement Portal (http://placement.ncpwd.go.ke/public/) to access vacant job opportunities
STATUSOF SOCIAL PROTECTIONIN KENYA Description of Kenya s Workforce: Workforce-19M Formal Workers-2.6M Informal Workers-16.4 .3M (84%) Dependency ratio (81%) i.e 81/19 Pension scheme=5million; NSSF coverage-4 million (1.5 m active (4.5% IE, 20% Formal); General insurance @3%, NHIF coverage-7 million Social assistance/cash transfer coverage-250,000 households (PLWSD, OVC,70+W) i. ii. iii.
STATUSOF SOCIAL PROTECTION.CONT. Latest census report showed that Kenya has a working population of age 20 64 outof which 27,154,135 adults. Old age dependency in Kenya at 81% Old age poverty rate stands at 55 % 80% of Kenya s workforce is not covered by social security The uncovered workforce are in the informal economy.
SOCIAL PROTECTION FLOORS Social protection floors are nationally-defined sets of basic social security guarantees which secure protection aimed at preventing or alleviating poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion International standards that describe social protection floors; i) Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202) ii) Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102)
COMPONENTS/PILLARSOF SOCIAL PROTECTION IN KENYA Social Security Social Assistance Health Insurance a) b) c)
1. SOCIAL ASSISTANCE Social Assistance in Kenya is one key element of the Social Protection mix. It is governed under the Social Assistance Act of 2013 Implemented together with other group specific legislation and policies including; the Children s Act, Persons with Disabilities Act, National Children s Policy (2010), National Policy on Older Persons and Aging, National Policy on Youth, National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (2007). i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
GOVERNMENT INITIATED SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS Program Target Coverage Older persons Cash Transfer Program elderly people (over 65 yrs) Beneficiaries receive Kes 2000 per month. 203, 011 Orphans and Vulnerable children cash transfer program: OVC OVC 412, 470 Hunger safety net program most vulnerable communities e.g northern Kenya 289,480 Disability grants Severely disabled person 4,200 HIV/AIDS nutrition feeding program HIV clients on ART & OVC in affected households 72,068 Kazi kwa Vijana/Kazi Mtaani unemployed youth 297,861 National Accelerated Agricultural Inputs Access Program Small scale farmers 120,750 Regular School Meals Program Primary school children 803,669 Urban Food Subsidy Poor urban households 5,150 Secondary School Bursary Fund Vulnerablle secondary school students 66,570 General Food Distribution Program Poor household and disaster victims 2,180,658
2. HEALTH INSURANCE Only about 20% of Kenya s population is covered by some form of health insurance From that figure about 85% are covered by the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) making it the principle insurance scheme for Kenyans The NHIF mainly targets formal sector workers The remaining percentage is divided into 9% by private health schemes and 6 % by Community Based Health Financing schemes. NB: Universal Health Coverage (BIG 4 Agenda)
SOCIALSECURITY/RETIREMENTBENEFITS Mainly provided through the National Social Security Fund (Mandatory contribution) under NSSF Act 2013 Also provided by occupational and individual pension schemes The aim of NSSF is to provide basic social security for its members and their dependants for various contingencies The fund is open to all employees and self employed persons and provides benefits for themselves and their dependants. Benefits include retirement pension, age benefit, withdrawal benefit, invalidity pension, survivors benefit, funeral grant and emigration benefit.
Human-centred agenda for the future of work A call for guaranteed universal social protection from birth to old age A call for more investment in the institutions, policies and strategies including strengthened SP institutions A call for a transformative and measurable agenda for gender equality A call for a Universal Labour Guarantee including fundamental workers rights, an adequate living wage , limits on hours of work and ensuring safe and healthy workplaces
