Understanding Nutraceuticals: Definitions, Classification, and Functional Components
Nutraceuticals were coined in 1989 by Stephen DeFelice and are food or nutrients providing health benefits beyond basic nutrition. They can be classified based on sources, mechanisms, and chemical nature. Functional components in nutraceuticals include fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6, and probiotics that offer various health benefits. This comprehensive guide explores the definitions, classification, and functional components of nutraceuticals.
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Definitions was coined Nutraceuticals nutrition and pharmaceutical in 1989 by Stephen DeFelice, the founder and chairman of the foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM). Nutraceutical can be defined as a food or part of food or nutrient, that provides health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of a disease. Nutraceutical can also be defined as food that by virtue of physiologically active food component provides health benefits beyond basic nutrition. from two words:
Definitions Continued Nutraceuticals concentrated ingredients to functional levels which improve health. They have some identified values leading to health benefits including reduced risks of disease consuming it; Nutraceuticals are products that are prepared from food but can be sold in the form of pills, tablets, syrup or powder or any other medicinal form not usually associated with food. Functional foods are a kind of nutraceuticals for health reasons are foods fortified with for the person
Classification Classification can be based on food sources: plants, animals and microbes. Classification can be based on non-food sources e.g. through recombinant genetic techniques, fermentation methods. Classification can be based on their mechanism for action that is their physiological properties e.g. antioxidant, antibacterial, anti fungal e.t.c. Classification can be based on their chemical nature e.g. phenolic substances, minerals, carbohydrate derivatives, amino acid based substances
Examples of functional components in nutraceuticals Fatty acids Examples include omega-3 fatty acids (Linolenic acid, DHA-docoxahenoic acid, eicosapentaneoic acid-EPA) Linolenic acid is the precursor of DHA and EPA. Eicosapentaneoic acid is produced by bacteria and algae. They help in heart and brain function They improve body composition, reduce cancers and reduce cardiovascular diseases. Sources include milk, meat, fish oil, rapeseed oil, mustard oil, corn oil, soy bean oil.
Examples of functional components in nutraceuticals cont d Omega 6 fatty acids: These include linoleic acid, arachidonic acid. Linoleic acid is the precursor of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is a precursor of prostagladins. Prostagladins are unsaturated fatty acids that perform similar function that resembles hormones. They help in controlling muscle contraction, blood pressure and mediate inflammatory responses. They also deter platelet formation. Sources include fish oil, soy bean oil aggregation and clot
Examples of functional components in nutraceuticals cont d Probiotics are live microorganism which when administered in adequate amount confer health benefits to the hosts. They promote the growth of friendly bacteria, which help, fight diseases. Lactobacillus acidophillus: Acidophyllus type support healthy bacteria for small intestine. Bifidobacterium bifidum: Bifidobacteria support healthy bacteria for large intestine. They also enhance the immune function. Probiotics control diarrhoea in children They ease symptoms of lactose intolerance. Sources: Sour milk, yoghurt, Yeast (Saccharomyces spp)
Examples of functional components in nutraceuticals cont d Vitamins: They are needed in small quantities Fat soluble: A,D,E,K Vit. A antioxidant night blindness Vit. D helps in bone strength. Vits A, E and C are potent antioxidants. They help to stop bad cholesterol (LDL, low-density lipoprotein) from being oxidised or turned rancid,
Examples of functional components in nutraceuticals cont d Ginger is also known as Zingiber officinale rhizome. It is compared with antinausea from anaesthetic effects after surgery -In nausea and vomiting related to pregnancy, ginger reduces the severity of nausea and vomiting attacks in cases of early pregnancy-and safe Ginger contains bioactive compounds such as gingerols and shagoals which are essential oils and non volatiles conventional drugs as
Examples of functional components in nutraceuticals cont d Garlic consists of bulbs of Allium sativum. It is used as anti cholesterol inhibit platelet aggregation -It is used as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti tumor and anti diabetic It is used in controlling arteriosclerosis. and anti thrombotic- blood pressure and Glucosamine (an amino-sugar) is a nutrient found in very small amounts in foods It is used for the formation of cartilage, connective tissue and synovial fluid. -It is also used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, joint/connective tissue injury.
Examples of functional components in nutraceuticals cont d Neem tree It can be used as anti malaria by boiling the leaves Leaves can be used in the treatment of diabetic mellitus and juvenile diabetes insulin It used as antihelmintic for intestinal parasitic worms It is effective in stomach ulcers treatment and haemorrhoids It can be used as antifungal in the treatment of ringworm. Neem tree contains glycoproteins, flavonoids, tannins, tetranortriterpenoids, azandiractin, nimbolide gedunin and
Examples of functional components in nutraceuticals cont d Evening primrose oil is used to treat pre-menstrual syndrome and also used as as an aid in regulating the menstrual cycle. It is also used in diabetic neuropathy and rheumatoid arthritis. Aloe vera It helps in relief of stress and suppress peptic ulcers, It can be used in the treatment of radiation burns, wounds, skin ulcers. It can be used in cosmetic skin preparations Caution: Aloe vera juice should not be taken in pregnancy.
Examples of functional components in nutraceuticals cont d Polyphenols Anthocyanidin Fruits Catechins Tea, mustard cake, rape seed Neutralises free radicals, reduce risk of cancer Flavonone Flavones Citrus Fruits, vegetables,soya bean Proanthocyanidin Cocoa, chocolate,tea,rape seed Reduces cardiovascular diseases
