Understanding Network Management Processes in Computer Networks

ITEC 275
 Computer Networks – Switching,
Routing, and WANs
Week 9
Robert D’Andrea
2015
Agenda
Learning Activities
Network Management Processes
Syslog
Network Management Architectures
Network Management Tools and Protocols
Campus Cabling
Ethernet
Campus Network Design Example
Network Management Processes
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) defines five types of network processes
Fault management
Configuration management
Accounting management
Performance management
Security management
Network Management Processes
Fault management refers to detecting, isolating,
diagnosing, and correcting problems.
 
- Develop a workarounds
 
- Test the workaround
 
- Document the workaround in a problem-   
 
 
  
 
 tracking database
 
- Utilize monitoring tools to alert managers, 
 
  
protocol analyzers and Wire Shark for fault
  
resolution
 
- Syslog network contains timestamp, level, 
 
  
and facility. Syslog severity levels are 
 
  
provided
Network Management Processes
Syslog is a standard for computer message
logging.
 
Syslog can be used for computer system
management and security auditing as well as
generalized informational, analysis, and debugging
messages. It is supported by a wide variety of
devices (like printers and routers) and receivers
across multiple platforms. Because of this, syslog
can be used to integrate log data from many
different types of systems into a central repository.
Network Management Processes
Most syslog messages are found on Unix-like
operating systems under the /var/log directory.
anaconda.log 
 
 
  
sssd
boot.log    
   
dmesg
RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL      
 
httpd
ppp      
    
spooler-20150208
mysqld.log  
   
cron-20140921.gz
yum.log
    
maillog
  
cups     
    
audit
Network Management Processes
 
Anaconda is the installation program used by
Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
 
During an installation, a target computer's
hardware is identified and configured and the
appropriate file systems for the system's architecture are
created. Finally, Anaconda allows the user to install the
operating system software on the target computer.
 
Anaconda can also upgrade existing installations of
earlier versions of the same distribution. After the
installation is complete, you can reboot into your installed
system and continue doing customization using the initial
setup program.
Network Management Processes
Syslog Levels
 
- Emergency (level 0)
 
- Alert (level 1)
 
- Critical (level 2)
 
- Error (level 3)
 
- Warning (level 4)
 
- Notice (level 5)
 
- Information (level 6)
 
- Debugging (level 7)
Network Management Processes
Syslog Messages
 
- Sent to Cisco router or switch consoles
 
- Sent to Network Management Station
 
- Sent to a remote network host where a
 
   syslog analyzer is installed.  A syslog 
 
 
   analyzer distributes these messages 
 
 
   appropriately to the network node 
 
 
   manager, and management.
Network Management Processes
Configuration Management helps the network
manager maintain a list of devices and
information installed on those devices.
 
- Version-logging refers to keeping track of
 
   the version of operating systems or 
 
 
    applications running on network
 
 
    devices.
 
- Change management includes DHCP and
 
   VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) 
 
 
 
 
    automatically updates switches with
 
    VLAN information.
Network Management Processes
Accounting management
 
- Facilitates usage-based billing. If 
 
 
   money is not exchanged, it identifies
 
   consumption and possibly “abuse” of
 
   network resources.
Network Management Processes
Performance management
 
- Facilitates measurement of network 
 
 
   behavior and effectiveness.
 
-Examine network applications
 
- Protocol behavior
 
- End-to-end performance across an 
 
 
   internetwork
 
- Component performance of individual
 
   links or devices.
Network Management Processes
 
Security Management allows the network
management to maintain and distribute
passwords and other authentication
information. Security management should also
include generating, distributing, and storing
encryption keys.
 Audit logs should document logins and logouts
Attempts by individuals to change their level of
authorization.
Compressing data rather than storing less data
Network Management Architectures
Managed device: Routers, servers, switches,
bridges, hubs, end systems, or printers.
Agent: Network management software that
resides in a managed device.
Network management system (NMS) is a
terminal with software that displays
management data, monitor and controls
managed devices, and communicates with
agents. Typically located in a network
operations center (NOC).
Network Management Architectures
In-band monitoring is network management
data that travels across an internetwork using
the same paths as user traffic.
 
- Impacts ability to trouble shoot problems
Out-of-band monitoring
 
- More complex and expensive
 
- Analog lines are used for backup
 
- Security risks with analog links need a
  
callback mechanisms
Network Management Architectures
Centralized monitoring architecture all NMSs
reside in one place of the network
Distributed monitoring means the NMSs and
agents are spread out across the entire
internetwork. Distributed monitoring involves
a more complex network configuration and
tends to be harder to manage.
Manage-of-managers (MoM) is a distributed
arrangement with a central NMS. The central
NMS manages the distributed locations.
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
A network management solution should include
tools to isolate, diagnose, and report problems and
to expedite recovery and quick repair.
Interfaces can be CLI, GUI, and different browsers
SMNPv3 should gradually replace versions 1 and 2
because it offers better security, authentication to
protect against modification of information, and
secure set operations for the remote configuration of
SNMP managed devices.
 
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
Management Information Bases (MIB) stores
information from local management agent on
a managed device.
 
- Each object in a MIB has a unique 
 
 
   identifier.
 
- Network management applications use
 
   the identifier to retrieve a specific object.
 
   A MIB is a structured tree and 
  
  
hierarchical structure.
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
 
The MIB structure is logically represented
by a tree hierarchy. The root of the tree is
unnamed and splits into three main branches:
Consultative Committee for International
Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT), International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), and joint
ISO/CCITT.
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
 
These branches and those that fall below
each category have short text strings and integers
to identify them. Text strings describe object
names, while integers allow computer software
to create compact, encoded representations of the
names. For example, the Cisco MIB variable
authAddr is an object name and is denoted by
number 5, which is listed at the end of its object
identifier number 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.2.1.5.
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
 
The object identifier in the Internet MIB
hierarchy is the sequence of numeric labels on
the nodes along a path from the root to the
object. The Internet standard MIB is represented
by the object identifier 1.3.6.1.2.1. It also can be
expressed as iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib.
Internet MIB Hierarchy
 
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
RMON Monitoring (RMON) developed to close
the gap in the standard MIBs which lacked the
capability to provide statistics on the data link
and physical layer parameters. The IETF
developed RMON MIB to provide Ethernet
traffic statistics and fault diagnosis.
 
- RMON collects CRC errors
 
- Packet-size distribution
 
- Number of packets in and out
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
 
- RMON allows the network manager set
 
   thresholds for network parameters
 
- RMON configures agents to automatically
 
   deliver alerts to NMS.
 
- RMON supports capturing packets and
 
   sending the captured packets to the MNS
 
   for protocol analysis.
 
- RMON provides information about the
 
   health and performance of the network
 
   segment.
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
 
- Specifies a method for Cisco routers and 
 
switches to send configuration 
 
   
 
 
 
information to each other on a regular basis.
 
- CDP runs on the data link layer
 
- Utilizes Sub Network Access Protocol (SNAP)
SNAP is the data-link address used in IS-IS protocol to
reach the neighbor on a broadcast media. This is
comparable to Ethernet links using the Mac Address of
the neighbor.
 
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
 
 By default, CDP announcements are sent
every 60 seconds on interfaces that support Sub
Network Access Protocol (SNAP) headers,
including Ethernet, Frame
 
Relay and Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM). Each Cisco device that
supports CDP stores the information received from
other devices in a table that can be viewed using
the show cdp neighbors command. This table is also
accessible via snmp. CDP frames are sent every 60
seconds. Switches and routers do not forward CDP
 
frames
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
 View: Cisco CPD configuration video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9zfWyS0Bn8
 
Network Management Tools and
Protocols
Cisco NetFlow Accounting
Collects and measures data as it enters router or
switch interfaces. The information enables a
network manager to characterize utilization of
network and application resources.
Helps network manager visualize traffic patterns
so that proactive problems can be detection is
possible.
 
NetFlow allows a network manager to gain a
detailed, time-based view of application usage.
Selecting Technologies and Devices
We now know what the network will look like.
We also know what capabilities the network
will need.
We are now ready to start picking out
technologies and devices.
Chapter 10 has guidelines for campus
networks.
Campus Network Design Steps
Develop a cabling plant
design
Select the types of cabling
Select the data-link-layer
technologies
Select internetworking
devices
Meet with vendors
Cabling Plant Design Considerations
Campus and building cabling topologies
The types and lengths of cables between buildings
Within buildings
The location of telecommunications closets and cross-
connect rooms
The types and lengths of cables for vertical cabling
between floors
The types and lengths of cables for horizontal cabling
within floors
The types and lengths of cables for work-area cabling
going from telecommunications closets to workstations
Centralized Versus Distributed
Cabling Topologies
A centralized cabling scheme terminates
most or all of the cable runs in one area of
the design environment. A star topology is
an example of a centralized system.
A distributed cabling scheme terminates
cable runs throughout the design
environment. Ring, bus, and tree topologies
are examples of distributed systems.
Centralized Campus Cabling
Cable Bundle
Building B
Building C
Building D
Distributed Campus Cabling
Types of Media Used in Campus
Networks
Copper media
Optical media
Wireless media
Copper Media Advantages
Conducts electric current well
Does not rust
Can be drawn into thin wires
Easy to shape
Hard to break
C
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p
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Coaxial
Twisted-Pair
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
Coaxial Cable
Solid copper conductor, surrounded by:
Flexible plastic insulation
Braided copper shielding
Outer jacket
Can be run without as many boosts from
repeaters, for longer distances between
network nodes, than either STP or UTP
cable
Nonetheless, it’s no longer widely used
Twisted-Pair Cabling
A “twisted pair” consists of two copper
conductors twisted together
Each conductor has plastic insulation
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Has metal foil or braided-mesh covering that
encases each pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
No metal foil or braided-mesh covering around
pairs, so it’s less expensive
UTP Categories
Category 1. 
Used for voice communication
Category 2.
 Used for voice and data, up to 4 Mbps
Category 3.
 Used for data, up to 10 Mbps
Required to have at least 3 twists per foot
Standard cable for most telephone systems
Also used in 10-Mbps Ethernet (10Base-T Ethernet)
Category 4.
 Used for data, up to 16 Mbps
Must also have at least 3 twists per foot as well as other
features
Category 5.
 Used for data, up to 100 Mbps
Must have 3 twists per 
inch
!
Category 5e.
 Used in Gigabit Ethernet
Category 6.
 Used in Gigabit Ethernet and future technologies
Types of Cables
Mode is an allowable path for light to travel
down a fiber.
Multimode fiber has multiple modes or paths
that light can follow. All paths are not equal.
some are longer, and the time it takes to travel
down each path more time consuming.
Single mode contains a small core diameter, has
one path, supports higher bandwith rate over
longer distances.
O
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l
 
M
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a
Multimode Fiber (MMF)
Single-mode Fiber (SMF)
Copper Vs Fiber-Optic Cabling
Twisted-pair and coax cable transmit network
signals in the form of current
Fiber-optic cable transmits network signals in the
form of light
Fiber-optic cable is made of glass
Not susceptible to electromagnetic force (EMF) or radio
frequency interference
Not as susceptible to attenuation, which means longer
cables are possible
Supports very high bandwidth (10 Gbps or greater)
For long distances, fiber costs less than copper
Multimode        Single-mode
Larger core diameter
Beams of light bounce
off cladding in multiple
ways
Usually uses LED
source
Shorter distances
Less expensive
Smaller core diameter
Less bouncing around;
single, focused beam of
light
Usually uses LASER
source
More expensive
Very long distances
LED
Definition: A light-emitting diode
 
(LED) is a
two-lead semiconductor light source. It
resembles a basic pn-junction diode, which emits
light when activated
Single/Multi-Mode Fiber
 
Multi-Mode Fiber
 
Ethernet
STP is shielded twisted pair cabling.
UTP is unshielded twisted pair cabling.
Typically found in buildings. Generally , least
expensive, lowest transmission capabilities
because it is subject to crosstalk, noise, and
EMI (Electromagnetic Interference).
Coax cabling was popular in the 1980s and
1990s. Not used or installed as it was in the
recent past.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Ethernet
Ethernet is a physical and data link layer
standard for the transmission of frames on a
LAN.
 
- IEEE802.3 has evolved to support UTP
 
   and fiber-optic cabling, and fast 
 
 
   transmission speeds.
 
- Gigabit Ethernet is targeted for the core
 
   layer on enterprise systems.
Wireless Media
IEEE 802.11a, b, g, n
Laser
Microwave
Cellular
Satellite
Cabling Guidelines
At the access layer use
Copper UTP rated for Category 5 or 5e, unless
there is a good reason not to
To future proof the network
Use 5e instead of 5
Install UTP Category 6 rated cable and terminate the
cable with Cat 5 or 5e connectors
Then only the connectors need to be changed to
move up in speed
In special cases
Use MMF (Multimode Fiber) for bandwidth
intensive applications
Or install fiber along with the copper
Cabling Guidelines
At the distribution layer use
MMF (Multi mode fiber) if distance allows
SMF (Single mode fiber) otherwise
Unless unusual circumstances occur and cable
cannot be run, then use a wireless method
To future proof the network
Run both MMF and SMF
LAN Technologies
Half-duplex Ethernet (becoming obsolete)
Full-duplex Ethernet
10-Mbps Ethernet (becoming obsolete)
100-Mbps Ethernet
1000-Mbps (1-Gbps or Gigabit) Ethernet
10-Gbps Ethernet
Metro Ethernet
Long Range Ethernet (LRE)
Cisco’s EtherChannel
10 Mbps Ethernet
10Base5
10Base2
10BaseF
Thick coax cable
500 meters
Thin coax cable
185 meters
10BaseT
2 pairs
Category-3 or
better UTP
100 meters
 IEEE 802.3 10-Mbps Ethernet
2 multimode
optical fibers
10Broad36
3 channels of a
private CATV system
3600 meters
100BaseT
100BaseTX
100BaseFX
100BaseT2
2 pairs Category-5 or
better UTP
100 meters
2 multimode optical fibers
2000 meters (full duplex)
100BaseT4
4 pairs
Category-3 or
better UTP
100 meters
 IEEE 802.3 100-Mbps Ethernet
2 pairs
Category-3 or
better UTP
100 meters
1000BaseX
1000BaseSX
1000BaseLX
1000BaseT
2 multimode optical fibers
using shortwave laser optics
550 meters
2 multimode or single-mode
optical fibers using longwave
laser optics
550 meters multimode, 5000
meters single-mode
4 pairs Category-5 UTP
100 meters
1000BaseCX
2 pairs STP
25 meters
 IEEE 802.3 Gigabit Ethernet
10GBase with Fiber Cabling
10GBaseLX4
10GBaseSR
10GBaseER
Multimode or single-mode
optical fibers
 300 meters multimode,
10 km single-mode
Multimode optical
fibers
300 meters
Single-mode
optical fibers
40 km
10GBaseLR
Single-mode
optical fibers
10 km
 IEEE 802.3 10-Gbps Ethernet
10GBase with Copper Cabling
10GBaseCX4
SFP+ Direct
Attach
XAUI 4-lane PCS
15 meters
Twinax
10 meters
10GBaseT
 IEEE 802.3 10-Gbps Ethernet
UTP or STP
100 meters
Metro Ethernet (MAN)
Service offered by providers and carriers
that traditionally had only classic WAN
offerings.
The customer can use a standard Ethernet
interface to reach a MAN or WAN.
The customer can add bandwidth as needed
with a simple configuration change.
Long-Reach Ethernet
Enables the use of Ethernet over existing,
unconditioned, voice-grade copper twisted-pair
cabling
Used to connect buildings and rooms within
buildings
Rural areas
Old cities where upgrading cabling is impractical
Multi-unit structures such as hotels, apartment
complexes, business complexes, and government
agencies
Cisco’s EtherChannel
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Cisco’s EtherChannel
EtherChannel provides incremental trunk speeds
between Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10
Gigabit Ethernet. EtherChannel combines
multiple Fast Ethernet up to 800Mbps, Gigabit
Ethernet up to 8Gbps , and 10 Gigabit Ethernet
up to 80Gbps.
Internetworking Devices for Campus
Networks
Switches
Routers
Wireless access points
Wireless bridges
Selection Criteria for Internetworking
Devices
The number of ports
Processing speed
The amount of memory
Latency when device relays data
Throughput when device relays data
LAN and WAN technologies supported
Media supported
More Selection Criteria for
Internetworking Devices
Cost
Ease of configuration and management
MTBF and MTTR
Support for hot-swappable components
Support for redundant power supplies
Quality of technical support,
documentation, and training
Summary
Once the logical design is completed, the
physical design can start
A major task during physical design is selecting
technologies and devices for campus networks
Media
Data-link layer technology
Internetworking devices
Also, at this point, the logical topology design
can be developed further by specifying cabling
topologies
Review Questions
What are three fundamental media types used in
campus networks?
What selection criteria can you use to select an
Ethernet variety for your design customer?
What selection criteria can you use when
purchasing internetworking devices for your
design customer?
Some people think Metro Ethernet will replace
traditional WANs. Do you agree or disagree and
why?
This Week’s Outcomes
Campus Cabling
Network Management Processes
CDP
Ethernet
Campus Network Design Example
Due this week
10-1 – Concept questions 7
Next week
Read Chapter 11 in 
Top-Down Network Design
11-1 – Concept questions 8
Q & A
Questions, comments, concerns?
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Explore network management processes including fault management, syslog, configuration management, and more as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Learn about the importance of syslog for computer message logging and how it can be utilized for system management, security auditing, and debugging across various platforms and devices. Dive into the significance of Anaconda in the installation process of Linux distributions.


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  1. ITEC 275 Computer Networks Switching, Routing, and WANs Week 9 Robert D Andrea 2015

  2. Agenda Learning Activities Network Management Processes Syslog Network Management Architectures Network Management Tools and Protocols Campus Cabling Ethernet Campus Network Design Example

  3. Network Management Processes International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines five types of network processes Fault management Configuration management Accounting management Performance management Security management

  4. Network Management Processes Fault management refers to detecting, isolating, diagnosing, and correcting problems. - Develop a workarounds - Test the workaround - Document the workaround in a problem- tracking database - Utilize monitoring tools to alert managers, protocol analyzers and Wire Shark for fault resolution - Syslog network contains timestamp, level, and facility. Syslog severity levels are provided

  5. Network Management Processes Syslog is a standard for computer message logging. Syslog can be used for computer system management and security auditing as well as generalized informational, analysis, and debugging messages. It is supported by a wide variety of devices (like printers and routers) and receivers across multiple platforms. Because of this, syslog can be used to integrate log data from many different types of systems into a central repository.

  6. Network Management Processes Most syslog messages are found on Unix-like operating systems under the /var/log directory. anaconda.log boot.log RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL ppp mysqld.log yum.log cups sssd dmesg httpd spooler-20150208 cron-20140921.gz maillog audit

  7. Network Management Processes Anaconda is the installation program used by Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux. During an installation, a target computer's hardware is identified and configured and the appropriate file systems for the system's architecture are created. Finally, Anaconda allows the user to install the operating system software on the target computer. Anaconda can also upgrade existing installations of earlier versions of the same distribution. After the installation is complete, you can reboot into your installed system and continue doing customization using the initial setup program.

  8. Network Management Processes Syslog Levels - Emergency (level 0) - Alert (level 1) - Critical (level 2) - Error (level 3) - Warning (level 4) - Notice (level 5) - Information (level 6) - Debugging (level 7)

  9. Network Management Processes Syslog Messages - Sent to Cisco router or switch consoles - Sent to Network Management Station - Sent to a remote network host where a syslog analyzer is installed. A syslog analyzer distributes these messages appropriately to the network node manager, and management.

  10. Network Management Processes Configuration Management helps the network manager maintain a list of devices and information installed on those devices. - Version-logging refers to keeping track of the version of operating systems or applications running on network devices. - Change management includes DHCP and VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) automatically updates switches with VLAN information.

  11. Network Management Processes Accounting management - Facilitates usage-based billing. If money is not exchanged, it identifies consumption and possibly abuse of network resources.

  12. Network Management Processes Performance management - Facilitates measurement of network behavior and effectiveness. -Examine network applications - Protocol behavior - End-to-end performance across an internetwork - Component performance of individual links or devices.

  13. Network Management Processes Security Management allows the network management to maintain and distribute passwords and other authentication information. Security management should also include generating, distributing, and storing encryption keys. Audit logs should document logins and logouts Attempts by individuals to change their level of authorization. Compressing data rather than storing less data

  14. Network Management Architectures Managed device: Routers, servers, switches, bridges, hubs, end systems, or printers. Agent: Network management software that resides in a managed device. Network management system (NMS) is a terminal with software that displays management data, monitor and controls managed devices, and communicates with agents. Typically located in a network operations center (NOC).

  15. Network Management Architectures In-band monitoring is network management data that travels across an internetwork using the same paths as user traffic. - Impacts ability to trouble shoot problems Out-of-band monitoring - More complex and expensive - Analog lines are used for backup - Security risks with analog links need a callback mechanisms

  16. Network Management Architectures Centralized monitoring architecture all NMSs reside in one place of the network Distributed monitoring means the NMSs and agents are spread out across the entire internetwork. Distributed monitoring involves a more complex network configuration and tends to be harder to manage. Manage-of-managers (MoM) is a distributed arrangement with a central NMS. The central NMS manages the distributed locations.

  17. Network Management Tools and Protocols A network management solution should include tools to isolate, diagnose, and report problems and to expedite recovery and quick repair. Interfaces can be CLI, GUI, and different browsers SMNPv3 should gradually replace versions 1 and 2 because it offers better security, authentication to protect against modification of information, and secure set operations for the remote configuration of SNMP managed devices.

  18. Network Management Tools and Protocols Management Information Bases (MIB) stores information from local management agent on a managed device. - Each object in a MIB has a unique identifier. - Network management applications use the identifier to retrieve a specific object. A MIB is a structured tree and hierarchical structure.

  19. Network Management Tools and Protocols The MIB structure is logically represented by a tree hierarchy. The root of the tree is unnamed and splits into three main branches: Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and joint ISO/CCITT.

  20. Network Management Tools and Protocols These branches and those that fall below each category have short text strings and integers to identify them. Text strings describe object names, while integers allow computer software to create compact, encoded representations of the names. For example, the Cisco MIB variable authAddr is an object name and is denoted by number 5, which is listed at the end of its object identifier number 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.2.1.5.

  21. Network Management Tools and Protocols The object identifier in the Internet MIB hierarchy is the sequence of numeric labels on the nodes along a path from the root to the object. The Internet standard MIB is represented by the object identifier 1.3.6.1.2.1. It also can be expressed as iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib.

  22. Internet MIB Hierarchy

  23. Network Management Tools and Protocols RMON Monitoring (RMON) developed to close the gap in the standard MIBs which lacked the capability to provide statistics on the data link and physical layer parameters. The IETF developed RMON MIB to provide Ethernet traffic statistics and fault diagnosis. - RMON collects CRC errors - Packet-size distribution - Number of packets in and out

  24. Network Management Tools and Protocols - RMON allows the network manager set thresholds for network parameters - RMON configures agents to automatically deliver alerts to NMS. - RMON supports capturing packets and sending the captured packets to the MNS for protocol analysis. - RMON provides information about the health and performance of the network segment.

  25. Network Management Tools and Protocols Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) - Specifies a method for Cisco routers and switches to send configuration information to each other on a regular basis. - CDP runs on the data link layer - Utilizes Sub Network Access Protocol (SNAP) SNAP is the data-link address used in IS-IS protocol to reach the neighbor on a broadcast media. This is comparable to Ethernet links using the Mac Address of the neighbor.

  26. Network Management Tools and Protocols By default, CDP announcements are sent every 60 seconds on interfaces that support Sub Network Access Protocol (SNAP) headers, including Ethernet, Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). Each Cisco device that supports CDP stores the information received from other devices in a table that can be viewed using the show cdp neighbors command. This table is also accessible via snmp. CDP frames are sent every 60 seconds. Switches and routers do not forward CDP frames

  27. Network Management Tools and Protocols View: Cisco CPD configuration video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9zfWyS0Bn8

  28. Network Management Tools and Protocols Cisco NetFlow Accounting Collects and measures data as it enters router or switch interfaces. The information enables a network manager to characterize utilization of network and application resources. Helps network manager visualize traffic patterns so that proactive problems can be detection is possible. NetFlow allows a network manager to gain a detailed, time-based view of application usage.

  29. Selecting Technologies and Devices We now know what the network will look like. We also know what capabilities the network will need. We are now ready to start picking out technologies and devices. Chapter 10 has guidelines for campus networks.

  30. Campus Network Design Steps Develop a cabling plant design Select the types of cabling Select the data-link-layer technologies Select internetworking devices Meet with vendors

  31. Cabling Plant Design Considerations Campus and building cabling topologies The types and lengths of cables between buildings Within buildings The location of telecommunications closets and cross- connect rooms The types and lengths of cables for vertical cabling between floors The types and lengths of cables for horizontal cabling within floors The types and lengths of cables for work-area cabling going from telecommunications closets to workstations

  32. Centralized Versus Distributed Cabling Topologies A centralized cabling scheme terminates most or all of the cable runs in one area of the design environment. A star topology is an example of a centralized system. A distributed cabling scheme terminates cable runs throughout the design environment. Ring, bus, and tree topologies are examples of distributed systems.

  33. Centralized Campus Cabling Building B Building C Building D Cable Bundle Building A

  34. Distributed Campus Cabling Building B Building C Building D Building A

  35. Types of Media Used in Campus Networks Copper media Optical media Wireless media

  36. Copper Media Advantages Conducts electric current well Does not rust Can be drawn into thin wires Easy to shape Hard to break

  37. Copper Media Coaxial Twisted-Pair Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)

  38. Coaxial Cable Solid copper conductor, surrounded by: Flexible plastic insulation Braided copper shielding Outer jacket Can be run without as many boosts from repeaters, for longer distances between network nodes, than either STP or UTP cable Nonetheless, it s no longer widely used

  39. Twisted-Pair Cabling A twisted pair consists of two copper conductors twisted together Each conductor has plastic insulation Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Has metal foil or braided-mesh covering that encases each pair Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) No metal foil or braided-mesh covering around pairs, so it s less expensive

  40. UTP Categories Category 1. Used for voice communication Category 2. Used for voice and data, up to 4 Mbps Category 3. Used for data, up to 10 Mbps Required to have at least 3 twists per foot Standard cable for most telephone systems Also used in 10-Mbps Ethernet (10Base-T Ethernet) Category 4. Used for data, up to 16 Mbps Must also have at least 3 twists per foot as well as other features Category 5. Used for data, up to 100 Mbps Must have 3 twists per inch! Category 5e. Used in Gigabit Ethernet Category 6. Used in Gigabit Ethernet and future technologies

  41. Types of Cables Mode is an allowable path for light to travel down a fiber. Multimode fiber has multiple modes or paths that light can follow. All paths are not equal. some are longer, and the time it takes to travel down each path more time consuming. Single mode contains a small core diameter, has one path, supports higher bandwith rate over longer distances.

  42. Optical Media Multimode Fiber (MMF) Single-mode Fiber (SMF)

  43. Copper Vs Fiber-Optic Cabling Twisted-pair and coax cable transmit network signals in the form of current Fiber-optic cable transmits network signals in the form of light Fiber-optic cable is made of glass Not susceptible to electromagnetic force (EMF) or radio frequency interference Not as susceptible to attenuation, which means longer cables are possible Supports very high bandwidth (10 Gbps or greater) For long distances, fiber costs less than copper

  44. Multimode Single-mode Smaller core diameter Less bouncing around; single, focused beam of light Usually uses LASER source More expensive Very long distances Larger core diameter Beams of light bounce off cladding in multiple ways Usually uses LED source Shorter distances Less expensive

  45. LED Definition: Alight-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It resembles a basic pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated

  46. Single/Multi-Mode Fiber

  47. Multi-Mode Fiber

  48. Ethernet STP is shielded twisted pair cabling. UTP is unshielded twisted pair cabling. Typically found in buildings. Generally , least expensive, lowest transmission capabilities because it is subject to crosstalk, noise, and EMI (Electromagnetic Interference). Coax cabling was popular in the 1980s and 1990s. Not used or installed as it was in the recent past.

  49. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

  50. Ethernet Ethernet is a physical and data link layer standard for the transmission of frames on a LAN. - IEEE802.3 has evolved to support UTP and fiber-optic cabling, and fast transmission speeds. - Gigabit Ethernet is targeted for the core layer on enterprise systems.

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