Understanding Crude Oil and Fractional Distillation Process
Crude oil is a mixture of various chemicals formed from the decomposition of microscopic plants and animals. Through fractional distillation, the fractions in crude oil are separated based on boiling points to obtain products like petrol, diesel, and lubricating oil. The process involves heating the crude oil and collecting different fractions at specific temperature ranges.
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Crude oil * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
How crude oil was formed Microscopic plants and animals die and fall to the sea bed Layers of sand and mud form on top Pressure and high temperature cause oil to form Oil obtained by drilling * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
What is crude oil? H H H H H H C C C H C H C H H H H Pentane * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
Where does crude oil come from? * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
The Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Average number of C atoms in chain Fraction Boiling pt. 3 Liquid petroleum gas < 25oC 40oC Petrol (gasoline) 8 25 60oC 10 60 180oC Naphtha 12 180 220oC Paraffin Diesel 20 220 250oC 40 Fuel oil 250 300oC 80 Lubricatingoil 300 350oC 120 Bitumen > 350oC 350oC Heated Crude Oil * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
How do we separate the chemicals in crude oil? * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
Properties of the fractions * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
The compounds produced by the distillation of crude oil are all hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbonsare compounds which contain the elements hydrogen and carbon. * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
Naming hydrocarbons Alkanes Methane CH4 Ethane Propane C2H6 C3H8 These hydrocarbons are said to be saturated. (They have single bonds between carbon atoms). * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
* ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
Fuels Most alkanes are used as fuels to produce useful forms of energy. When completely burned alkanes form carbon dioxide and water. * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
Equations for combustion CH4 methane + O2 oxygen 2 CO2 carbon dioxide + H2O water 2 5 4 C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O 3 3 C2H4 + O2 CO2 2 + H2O 2 * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
Combustion of hydrocarbons When burned with sufficient oxygen, hydrocarbons form carbon dioxide and water * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
Alkenes Ethene C2H4 Alkenes are said to be unsaturated Test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon (an alkene) Add unsaturated compound Shake * ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
* ** *** To state that crude oil is a mixture of different chemicals (G) To sequence the fractions in crude oil by boiling point (F) To explain how crude oil was formed (D)
