Two Revolutions in Russia: The March and November Revolutions of 1917
The year 1917 witnessed two significant revolutions in Russia - the March Revolution leading to the abdication of the Tsar and the formation of the Provisional Government, followed by the November Revolution where Lenin's Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government and established the world's first Communist regime. These revolutions were marked by social unrest, political changes, and ideological shifts, culminating in the rise of the Soviet Union.
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TWO Revolutions in Russia
The Two Revolutions of 1917 The March Revolution (March 12) The November Revolution (November 6)
Origins: Food riots/strikes Duma declared itself a Provisional Government on March12 Tsar/Czar abdicated on March 17 Alexander Kerensky headed the Provisional Government, along w/ Prince Lvov The March The March Revolution Revolution Very Popular Revolution Kerensky favoured gradual socialist reform/ saw the war effort as #1 priority
There were problems with stability in the There were problems with stability in the Provisional government Provisional government attempted overthrows Kerensky s solution? freed many Bolshevik leaders from prison and supplied arms
The Petrograd Soviet The Petrograd Soviet Leftists who organized to take over the government Soviet- organized council of workers
Soviets Political Ideology Soviet s Political Ideology More radical and revolutionary than the Provisional Government Most influenced by Marxist socialism Emulated western socialism
Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Lenin Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Lenin
Lenins Message Amnesty granted to all political prisoners in March of 1917 Peace, Land, Bread All Power to the Soviets He preached that the war was a capitalist/imperialist war that offered no rewards for the peasants/workers; he also felt the war was over w/ the czar s abdication
November 1917 Revolution Lenin returned overthrew the Provisional Government established the world s first Communist regime ended the war by signing the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk with Germany
November Revolution (cont) Political Police organized: CHEKA Revolutionary army created with Trotsky in charge = Red Army Bolshevik Party renamed Communist Party in March of 1918
Civil War Civil war broke out between the Reds ( Bolsheviks) the Whites (Mensheviks) eawr_0001_0004_0_img0607 looting the looters aka The Red Terror
Who were the Mensheviks? A bitter three-year civil war was fought in Russia between the Bolsheviks and their opponents. Army and navy officers (against the unfavourable terms of the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk) Wealthy landowners (lost their land due to the Bolsheviks) Monarchists Social Revolutionaries (set up in 1901 with the aim of leading the peasants in a violent revolution against landlords and government officials) The Bolshevik s opponents Other conservatives
Bolshevik Bolshevik newspaper, newspaper, Krasnaya start of the Red Terror on 1st September, 1918. start of the Red Terror on 1st September, 1918. Krasnaya Gazeta Gazeta, announcing the , announcing the We will turn our hearts into steel, which we will temper in the fire of suffering and the blood of fighters for freedom. We will make our hearts cruel, hard, and immovable, so that no mercy will enter them, and so that they will not quiver at the sight of a sea of enemy blood. We will let loose the floodgates of that sea. Without mercy, without sparing, we will kill our enemies in scores of hundreds. Let them be thousands; let them drown themselves in their own blood. For the blood of Lenin and Uritsky, Zinovief and Volodarski, let there be floods of the blood of the bourgeois - more blood, as much as possible.
Felix Dzerzhinsky Felix Dzerzhinsky, interviewed in in Novaia Novaia Zhizn Zhizn (14th July, 1918) (14th July, 1918) We stand for organized terror - this should be frankly admitted. Terror is an absolute necessity during times of revolution. Our aim is to fight against the enemies of the Soviet Government and of the new order of life. We judge quickly. In most cases only a day passes between the apprehension of the criminal and his sentence. When confronted with evidence criminals in almost every case confess; and what argument can have greater weight than a criminal's own confession. , interviewed
An English teacher in a Moscow secondary school escaped An English teacher in a Moscow secondary school escaped from Russia during the Red Terror. from Russia during the Red Terror. Executions still continue in the prisons, though the ordinary people do not hear about them. Often during the executions a regimental band plays lively tunes. The following account of an an execution was given by Mr. A. by a member of one of the bands. On one occasion he was playing in a band, and as usual all the people to be executed were brought to the edge of the grave. Their hands and feet were tied together so that they would fall forward into the grave. They were then shot through the neck by Lettish soldiers. When the last man had been shot the grave was closed up, and on this particular occasion the band-man saw the grave moving. Not being able to stand the sight of it, he fainted, whereupon the Bolsheviks seized him, saying that he was in sympathy with the prisoners. They were on the point of killing him, but other members of the band explained that he was really ill, and he was then let off.
During the Civil War: War Communism Government nationalized all industries, railroads, and banks Peasant laborers were drafted for military or factory work Government took control over the distribution of food All money was abolished/bartering used Private trade=illegal Harsh tactics used by the army
Why did the Bolsheviks win the Russian Civil War? The Red Army was a much more disciplined leadership --- Leon Trotsky.
What happened to the Romanovs? ANd9GcTNMkptgP6aIXZoHvTMv0s25ib0KP5FB_luQHD5sz36rYxJRYARHg
Nikolay Kochergin, 1920 Long live the Red Army Trampled beneath the feet of the Red Army are the defeated White generals and the idol of Mammon, symbol of capitalism. 20
