Two Revolutions in Russia: The March and November Revolutions of 1917
TWO Revolutions in
Russia
The
Two
Revolutions of 1917
•
The March
Revolution
(March 12)
•
The
November
Revolution
(November 6)
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•
attempted
overthrows
•
Kerensky’s
solution? freed
many Bolshevik
leaders from prison
and supplied arms
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•
More radical and
revolutionary than the
Provisional Government
•
Most influenced by Marxist
socialism
•
Emulated western
socialism
F
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Lenin’s Message
•
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M
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1
9
1
7
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“
P
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“
A
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November 1917 Revolution
•
Lenin returned
•
overthrew the Provisional Government
•
established the world’s first Communist
regime
•
ended the war by signing the Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk with Germany
November Revolution (cont)
•
P
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:
C
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P
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M
a
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c
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o
f
1
9
1
8
Civil War
•
Civil war broke out between the
•
Reds ( Bolsheviks)
•
the Whites (Mensheviks)
“looting the looters” –
aka “
The Red Terror
”
Who were the Mensheviks?
T
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(set up in 1901 with
the aim of leading the
peasants in a violent
revolution against
landlords and
government officials)
W
e
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(lost their land due to
the Bolsheviks)
A
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(against the
unfavourable terms
of the Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk)
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A bitter three-year civil war
A bitter three-year civil war
was fought in Russia between
was fought in Russia between
the Bolsheviks and their
the Bolsheviks and their
opponents.
opponents.
B
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1
8
.
•
We will turn our hearts into steel, which we will
temper in the fire of suffering and the blood of
fighters for freedom. We will make our hearts
cruel, hard, and immovable, so that no mercy
will enter them, and so that they will not quiver
at the sight of a sea of enemy blood. We will let
loose the floodgates of that sea. Without mercy,
without sparing, we will kill our enemies in
scores of hundreds. Let them be thousands; let
them drown themselves in their own blood. For
the blood of Lenin and Uritsky, Zinovief and
Volodarski, let there be floods of the blood of
the bourgeois - more blood, as much as
possible.
F
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D
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N
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Z
h
i
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n
(
1
4
t
h
J
u
l
y
,
1
9
1
8
)
We stand for organized terror - this should be
frankly admitted. Terror is an absolute necessity
during times of revolution. Our aim is to fight
against the enemies of the Soviet Government
and of the new order of life. We judge quickly. In
most cases only a day passes between the
apprehension of the criminal and his sentence.
When confronted with evidence criminals in
almost every case confess; and what argument
can have greater weight than a criminal's own
confession.
A
n
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R
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T
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r
r
o
r
.
•
Executions still continue in the prisons, though the ordinary
people do not hear about them. Often during the executions
a regimental band plays lively tunes. The following account
of an an execution was given by Mr. A. by a member of one
of the bands. On one occasion he was playing in a band,
and as usual all the people to be executed were brought to
the edge of the grave. Their hands and feet were tied
together so that they would fall forward into the grave. They
were then shot through the neck by Lettish soldiers. When
the last man had been shot the grave was closed up, and
on this particular occasion the band-man saw the grave
moving. Not being able to stand the sight of it, he fainted,
whereupon the Bolsheviks seized him, saying that he was
in sympathy with the prisoners. They were on the point of
killing him, but other members of the band explained that he
was really ill, and he was then let off.
During the Civil War: War
Communism
•
Government nationalized all industries, railroads, and
banks
•
Peasant laborers were drafted for military or factory
work
•
Government took control over the distribution of food
•
All money was abolished/bartering used
•
Private trade=illegal
•
Harsh tactics used by the army
Why did the Bolsheviks win the
Russian Civil War?
•
The Red Army was a much more disciplined
•
leadership --- Leon Trotsky.
What happened to the Romanovs
?
Romanov remains are found
20
Nikolay Kochergin
, 1920
Long live the Red Army
Trampled beneath the feet of the Red Army are the defeated White generals and the idol of
Mammon, symbol of capitalism.
The year 1917 witnessed two significant revolutions in Russia - the March Revolution leading to the abdication of the Tsar and the formation of the Provisional Government, followed by the November Revolution where Lenin's Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government and established the world's first Communist regime. These revolutions were marked by social unrest, political changes, and ideological shifts, culminating in the rise of the Soviet Union.
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TWO Revolutions in Russia
The Two Revolutions of 1917 The March Revolution (March 12) The November Revolution (November 6)
Origins: Food riots/strikes Duma declared itself a Provisional Government on March12 Tsar/Czar abdicated on March 17 Alexander Kerensky headed the Provisional Government, along w/ Prince Lvov The March The March Revolution Revolution Very Popular Revolution Kerensky favoured gradual socialist reform/ saw the war effort as #1 priority
There were problems with stability in the There were problems with stability in the Provisional government Provisional government attempted overthrows Kerensky s solution? freed many Bolshevik leaders from prison and supplied arms
The Petrograd Soviet The Petrograd Soviet Leftists who organized to take over the government Soviet- organized council of workers
Soviets Political Ideology Soviet s Political Ideology More radical and revolutionary than the Provisional Government Most influenced by Marxist socialism Emulated western socialism
Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Lenin Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Lenin
Lenins Message Amnesty granted to all political prisoners in March of 1917 Peace, Land, Bread All Power to the Soviets He preached that the war was a capitalist/imperialist war that offered no rewards for the peasants/workers; he also felt the war was over w/ the czar s abdication
November 1917 Revolution Lenin returned overthrew the Provisional Government established the world s first Communist regime ended the war by signing the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk with Germany
November Revolution (cont) Political Police organized: CHEKA Revolutionary army created with Trotsky in charge = Red Army Bolshevik Party renamed Communist Party in March of 1918
Civil War Civil war broke out between the Reds ( Bolsheviks) the Whites (Mensheviks) eawr_0001_0004_0_img0607 looting the looters aka The Red Terror
Who were the Mensheviks? A bitter three-year civil war was fought in Russia between the Bolsheviks and their opponents. Army and navy officers (against the unfavourable terms of the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk) Wealthy landowners (lost their land due to the Bolsheviks) Monarchists Social Revolutionaries (set up in 1901 with the aim of leading the peasants in a violent revolution against landlords and government officials) The Bolshevik s opponents Other conservatives
Bolshevik Bolshevik newspaper, newspaper, Krasnaya start of the Red Terror on 1st September, 1918. start of the Red Terror on 1st September, 1918. Krasnaya Gazeta Gazeta, announcing the , announcing the We will turn our hearts into steel, which we will temper in the fire of suffering and the blood of fighters for freedom. We will make our hearts cruel, hard, and immovable, so that no mercy will enter them, and so that they will not quiver at the sight of a sea of enemy blood. We will let loose the floodgates of that sea. Without mercy, without sparing, we will kill our enemies in scores of hundreds. Let them be thousands; let them drown themselves in their own blood. For the blood of Lenin and Uritsky, Zinovief and Volodarski, let there be floods of the blood of the bourgeois - more blood, as much as possible.
Felix Dzerzhinsky Felix Dzerzhinsky, interviewed in in Novaia Novaia Zhizn Zhizn (14th July, 1918) (14th July, 1918) We stand for organized terror - this should be frankly admitted. Terror is an absolute necessity during times of revolution. Our aim is to fight against the enemies of the Soviet Government and of the new order of life. We judge quickly. In most cases only a day passes between the apprehension of the criminal and his sentence. When confronted with evidence criminals in almost every case confess; and what argument can have greater weight than a criminal's own confession. , interviewed
An English teacher in a Moscow secondary school escaped An English teacher in a Moscow secondary school escaped from Russia during the Red Terror. from Russia during the Red Terror. Executions still continue in the prisons, though the ordinary people do not hear about them. Often during the executions a regimental band plays lively tunes. The following account of an an execution was given by Mr. A. by a member of one of the bands. On one occasion he was playing in a band, and as usual all the people to be executed were brought to the edge of the grave. Their hands and feet were tied together so that they would fall forward into the grave. They were then shot through the neck by Lettish soldiers. When the last man had been shot the grave was closed up, and on this particular occasion the band-man saw the grave moving. Not being able to stand the sight of it, he fainted, whereupon the Bolsheviks seized him, saying that he was in sympathy with the prisoners. They were on the point of killing him, but other members of the band explained that he was really ill, and he was then let off.
During the Civil War: War Communism Government nationalized all industries, railroads, and banks Peasant laborers were drafted for military or factory work Government took control over the distribution of food All money was abolished/bartering used Private trade=illegal Harsh tactics used by the army
Why did the Bolsheviks win the Russian Civil War? The Red Army was a much more disciplined leadership --- Leon Trotsky.
What happened to the Romanovs? ANd9GcTNMkptgP6aIXZoHvTMv0s25ib0KP5FB_luQHD5sz36rYxJRYARHg
Nikolay Kochergin, 1920 Long live the Red Army Trampled beneath the feet of the Red Army are the defeated White generals and the idol of Mammon, symbol of capitalism. 20
