Nationalist Revolutions in Latin America: 1789-1900
Nationalist
Revolutions Sweep the
West
1789-1900
Rising Nationalism
Rising Nationalism
•
Nationalism was the most powerful
ideal of the late 1700s/ early 1800s.
•
Increasing numbers of peoples
desired self-government and control
over their own lives.
•
Inspired by Enlightenment ideals
and by the American and French
Revolutions.
•
Latin Americans were the first to rise
up against their imperial masters.
•
Revolutions also erupted within some
European countries 1815-1848.
Current day
Latin/South America
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Latin America
in 1800
Early 1800s: Latin America
Revolts!
•
People throughout Latin America inspired by the
ENLIGHTENMENT ideals & FRENCH Revolution.
•
Latin Americans rose up
against the EUROPEAN/COLONIAL powers that
controlled them with the goal of \winning their
INDEPENDENCE.
Latin America’s
First
Revolution, 1791
St. Dominque (Hait)
St. Dominque (Hait)
WHY???
WHY???
•
Whites, a small minority,
used brutal methods of
control.
•
African slaves outnumbered
whites, yet slaves had no
political power.
•
Inspired by enlightened
ideas of liberty and equality
Leaders of Haiti’s Slave
Rebellion
Toussanint L’Ouverture
(too SAN loo vair TOOR)
Ex-slave
Agreed to end
revolution if French
ended slavery.
Captured by French
and died in French
prison.
Jean-Jacques
Dessalines
Victorious general
Won Haiti’s
independence.
Haiti’s founding
father
Toussanint L’Ouverture
French Fail to Suppress
Rebellion
16,000 French
troops sent by
Napoleon failed to
put down.
•
Ended Napoleon’s
plans Expand
French empire in
the Americas
Independence for Haiti
St. Dominque became
first Latin American
(and first black)
colony to free itself
from European
control.
Became independent
state of Haiti 1804.
Haiti’s Founding Father
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Social Classes in S. America
Social Classes were determined by birth, and there was no
Social Classes were determined by birth, and there was no
opportunity for change. Social Class Groups in the new world:
opportunity for change. Social Class Groups in the new world:
•
The Peninsulares
The Peninsulares
-
-
Born in Europe, moved to new world.
Born in Europe, moved to new world.
Highest group. .1%. Only group eligible to hold public office.
Highest group. .1%. Only group eligible to hold public office.
•
The Creoles
The Creoles
-
-
born in the new world to European parents.
born in the new world to European parents.
22.8% of population. Frustrated with lack of opportunity
22.8% of population. Frustrated with lack of opportunity
because of birth status.
because of birth status.
•
The Metizos
The Metizos
-
-
Mixed European and Indian Ancestry.
Mixed European and Indian Ancestry.
7%
7%
•
The Mulattos
The Mulattos
-
-
Mixed European and African. 7%
Mixed European and African. 7%
•
Africans and Indians
Africans and Indians
-
-
though large groups (especially Indians @
though large groups (especially Indians @
55%) they had very little say and were treated poorly.
55%) they had very little say and were treated poorly.
Which groups were European (Spanish)? What was the difference
between those two groups?
Which group was at the top of the social pyramid and held all the power?
What was the difference between the Mestizos and the Mulattos?
Which group was comprised of slaves with monetary value?
Which group was at the bottom of the social pyramid?
Which group led most of the revolutions that occurred in Latin America
at this time?
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Africans
Native Americans (Indians)
•
56% of population
•
Little $$ value
•
Treated the worst of all classes
Spanish South America’s
Social System
Creole-Led Revolutions
•
Well-educated Creole class led the
fight for independence in Latin
America.
Why?
1.
Wealthy young Creoles traveled to Europe
Wealthy young Creoles traveled to Europe
& were influenced by Enlightenment ideas.
& were influenced by Enlightenment ideas.
2.
Felt mistreated & oppressed by Spain.
Felt mistreated & oppressed by Spain.
3.
Felt no loyalty to a foreign king:
Felt no loyalty to a foreign king:
Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, whom
Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, whom
Napoleon had placed on the throne in
Napoleon had placed on the throne in
Spain.
Spain.
4.
Peninsular Wars in Europe gave the
Peninsular Wars in Europe gave the
Creoles an opportunity to gain
Creoles an opportunity to gain
independence from Spain.
independence from Spain.
The Libertadores (“Liberators”) End
Spanish Rule in South America
•
Gen.
Simon
Bolivar
(wealthy
creole
) defeated Spanish army and
won independence for Venezuela
in 1821.
•
Gen.
Jose de San Martin
won
independence for Argentina & Chile
•
Bolivar then defeated Spanish in
Peru,
•
winning freedom for all Spanish colonies
in Latin America in 1824
Meeting between Bolivar and San Martin in Ecuador, 1821
The George Washington of Latin America
Simon Bolivar
Revolution in Mexico
1810-1821
Mexico ends Spanish
rule
•
Village Priest, Padre
Miguel Hidalgo,
(mee-
GEHL ee-THAHL- goh)
rang his church bells
and called for “Death
to all Spainards
•
Raised an army and
killed many
Spaniards before
being caught and
executed by firing
squad.
Miguel Hidalgo Leads Mexican Revolution
Revolution in Mexico,
1810-1821
•
Mexican revolution
Mexican revolution
was led by Indians and
was led by Indians and
Mestizos
Mestizos
•
Mexico’s Creoles
Mexico’s Creoles
joined the fight later .
joined the fight later .
•
Mexico won its
Mexico won its
independence from
independence from
Spain in 1821.
Spain in 1821.
Padre Miguel Hidalgo
Revolution in Brazil
1822
Revolution in Brazil, 1822
•
Creoles demanded independence
Creoles demanded independence
from Portugal in 1822.
from Portugal in 1822.
•
Petitioned king’s son Dom Pedro, to
Petitioned king’s son Dom Pedro, to
rule them, and after agreeing, he
rule them, and after agreeing, he
declared Brazil’s independence.
declared Brazil’s independence.
•
What was unique about Brazil’s
What was unique about Brazil’s
revolution?
revolution?
No fighting. Bloodless revolution.
No fighting. Bloodless revolution.
Brazil’s Royal Liberator
Dom Pedro
Latin American Independence, 1830
Independence Brings
Disunity
•
Destruction caused by the
wars for independence left
Latin America poorer and
divided.
•
The dream of some for a
united Latin America
quickly fell apart.
The Monroe Doctrine,
1823
•
U.S. warns European
nations to stay out of the
Western Hemisphere.
•
U.S. regional influence
grows.
•
The U.S. becomes the
dominant power (the
hegemon
) throughout
Latin America.
The Monroe Doctrine
Rising nationalism in Latin America during the late 1700s and early 1800s led to revolutions against European colonial powers. Inspired by Enlightenment ideals and events such as the American and French Revolutions, Latin Americans sought self-government and independence. The Haitian Revolution in 1791, led by figures like Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines, resulted in Haiti becoming the first Latin American colony to gain independence from European control in 1804.
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Presentation Transcript
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 1789-1900
Rising Nationalism Nationalism was the most powerful ideal of the late 1700s/ early 1800s. http://www.middlebury.edu/media/view/157261/standard/Nations_and_Nationalism.jpg Increasing numbers of peoples desired self-government and control over their own lives. Inspired by Enlightenment ideals and by the American and French Revolutions. Latin Americans were the first to rise up against their imperial masters.
Current day Latin/South America I. E. H. G. J. F. A. B. C. D.
Latin America in 1800
Early 1800s: Latin America Revolts! People throughout Latin America inspired by the ENLIGHTENMENT ideals & FRENCH Revolution. Latin Americans rose up against the EUROPEAN/COLONIAL powers that controlled them with the goal of \winning their INDEPENDENCE.
Latin Americas First Revolution, 1791 St. Dominque (Hait) WHY??? Whites, a small minority, used brutal methods of control. African slaves outnumbered whites, yet slaves had no political power. Inspired by enlightened ideas of liberty and equality
Leaders of Haitis Slave Rebellion Toussanint L Ouverture (too SAN loo vair TOOR) Jean-Jacques Dessalines Ex-slave Agreed to end revolution if French ended slavery. Captured by French and died in French prison. Victorious general Won Haiti s independence. Haiti s founding father Toussanint L Ouverture
French Fail to Suppress Rebellion 16,000 French troops sent by Napoleon failed to put down. Ended Napoleon s plans Expand French empire in the Americas
Independence for Haiti St. Dominque became first Latin American (and first black) colony to free itself from European control. Became independent state of Haiti 1804. Haiti s Founding Father Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Social Classes in S. America Social Classes were determined by birth, and there was no opportunity for change. Social Class Groups in the new world: The Peninsulares- Born in Europe, moved to new world. Highest group. .1%. Only group eligible to hold public office. The Creoles- born in the new world to European parents. 22.8% of population. Frustrated with lack of opportunity because of birth status. The Metizos- Mixed European and Indian Ancestry. 7% The Mulattos- Mixed European and African. 7% Africans and Indians- though large groups (especially Indians @ 55%) they had very little say and were treated poorly.
Which groups were European (Spanish)? What was the difference between those two groups? Which group was at the top of the social pyramid and held all the power? What was the difference between the Mestizos and the Mulattos? Which group was comprised of slaves with monetary value? Which group was at the bottom of the social pyramid? Which group led most of the revolutions that occurred in Latin America at this time?
Spanish South Americas Social System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Africans Native Americans (Indians) 56% of population Little $$ value Treated the worst of all classes
Creole-Led Revolutions Well-educated Creole class led the fight for independence in Latin America. Why? 1. Wealthy young Creoles traveled to Europe & were influenced by Enlightenment ideas. 2. Felt mistreated & oppressed by Spain. 3. Felt no loyalty to a foreign king: Napoleon s brother, Joseph, whom Napoleon had placed on the throne in Spain. 4. Peninsular Wars in Europe gave the Creoles an opportunity to gain independence from Spain.
The Libertadores (Liberators) End Spanish Rule in South America Gen. SimonBolivar (wealthy creole) defeated Spanish army and won independence for Venezuela in 1821. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_abjtkIlYpQ0/SPNwwDSsuGI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/lcrYDuC4Wpw/s320/7017P-Bolivar~Hispanic-Heritage-Simon-Bolivar-Posters.jpg Gen. Jose de San Martin won independence for Argentina & Chile Bolivar then defeated Spanish in Peru, winning freedom for all Spanish colonies in Latin America in 1824
The George Washington of Latin America Simon Bolivar http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Simon_Bolivar_%22The_Liberator%22.jpg/220px-Simon_Bolivar_%22The_Liberator%22.jpg http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTmreZ8UN0IRxiowNII1Yii0eku_dAiXSHygRYHdIy-Nv_KgMZ6Sg http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR8VTr8QI0sSDJeUCf12n7g2R4hMdJqVmBxbEnztj-_hWpf51lBkg
Revolution in Mexico 1810-1821
Mexico ends Spanish rule Village Priest, Padre Miguel Hidalgo, (mee- GEHL ee-THAHL- goh) rang his church bells and called for Death to all Spainards http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_tTFdYezGXMQ/TI51UUD-4wI/AAAAAAAAK_0/_8PQa6zlsa8/s400/hidalgo.JPG Raised an army and killed many Spaniards before being caught and executed by firing squad.
Miguel Hidalgo Leads Mexican Revolution Frente a Frente http://www.nosdigital.com.ar/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/posbib911.gif
Revolution in Mexico, 1810-1821 Mexican revolution was led by Indians and Mestizos http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/h/fotos/hidalgo_2.jpg Mexico s Creoles joined the fight later . Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821. Padre Miguel Hidalgo
Revolution in Brazil 1822
Revolution in Brazil, 1822 Creoles demanded independence from Portugal in 1822. Petitioned king s son Dom Pedro, to rule them, and after agreeing, he declared Brazil s independence. What was unique about Brazil s revolution? Brazil s Royal Liberator No fighting. Bloodless revolution. Dom Pedro
Independence Brings Disunity Destruction caused by the wars for independence left Latin America poorer and divided. The dream of some for a united Latin America quickly fell apart.
The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 http://www.cerebro.com/store/pc/catalog/2MONROE-DOCTRIN.jpg U.S. warns European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. U.S. regional influence grows. The U.S. becomes the dominant power (the hegemon) throughout Latin America.
The Monroe Doctrine http://fineartamerica.com/images-simple-print/images-medium/1-monroe-doctrine-cartoon-granger.jpg
