Transformative Period in Europe (1500-1750): Culture, Ideas, Religion, and Science

Transformations in Europe,
1500 - 1750
 
I. Culture and Ideas
 
A. Religious Reformation
Papacy – St. Peter’s Basilica
Indulgences
Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)
Salvation from faith in Jesus
Christ – not works
Rejection of papal authority –
Protestant Reformation
Bible, printing press
German support/nationalism
Religious Reformation Continued…
John Calvin (1509 – 1564)
Faith not enough, salvation a gift
from God – “predestined”
Organization, lifestyle
Religious movements connected
to political circumstances
Trent – Catholic Reformation
Jesuits
Wars of Religion
B. Traditional Thinking and Witch -
Hunts
Folklore/magic
Christian teachings – miracles, devils, etc.
Natural events – supernatural causes
Lisbon – 1755
Accused women and their fates…
Reformation’s focus on the Devil
Fear of independent women
Women’s sphere of influence
 
 
C. The Scientific Revolution
Influence of Greco – Roman sources/Bible
Aristotle – four elements and physics
Pythagoras
Scientific Revolution – observation
Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543) –
heliocentric universe
Tycho Braches and Johannes Kepler –
elliptical orbits
The Scientific Revolution
Continued…
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) – telescope
Challenge to religious/traditional beliefs
Galileo’s view of God’s truth
Jesuits, Roman Inquisition, 
The Starry
Messenger 
Robert Boyle – chemistry
Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) – common physics,
law of gravity
Hostility of the church, challenges to authority
D. The Early Enlightenment
Laws of human behavior – Enlightenment
Resistance to Enlightenment thinkers
Reaction against religious violence
Appreciation of non – Western examples
of governance/behavior
Optimistic about future of human
behavior/institutions
II. Social and Economic Life
 
A. The Bourgeoisie
Population growth in
London, Paris
Bourgeoisie –
work/lifestyle
Netherlands – textile
industry, used foreign
raw materials, publishing
endeavors
Amsterdam –
commercial fleets
dominated overseas
trade during 1600s
Merchant ships – fluit,
“East Indiaman”
Dutch banks –
investments, capital
Cartography
The Bourgeoisie continued…
Family connections/merchant colonies in
European cities
Alliances with monarchies
Joint – stock companies
Stock exchanges
Canals
British/Dutch competition – English supremacy
Gentry – alliances with old nobility; exemption
from taxes
B. Peasants and Laborers
Decline of serfdom/slavery in Western Europe –
relation to the Americas
Challenges to peasants – Little Ice Age
Impact of new crops from Americas by 1700
Exports of wheat
Deforestation (1709), impact on peasants
Migration to cities - no relief from poverty
Rebellions of the poor in Early Modern Europe –
resentment against privileged/landowning
classes, exemption from taxation
C. Women and the Family
Women lower than men but mitigated by
class/wealth
Importance of a good marriage
Choice in marriage/reasons for age
Abandoned children
Solid education for sons – languages,
business
Exclusion/participation of women in
Renaissance, Scientific Rev.,
Enlightenment
III. Political Innovations
 
A. State Development
Political diversity
Holy Roman Empire –
German
Charles V – Habsburg –
united Christian Europe vs.
Ottomans
French/German opposition
German Wars of Religion
and the Peace of Augsburg
(1555)
France, Spain, England
strengthening central
authority
 
 
B. Religious Policies
Spain/France – defended Catholicism
(Spanish Inquisition)
French Wars of Religion – Henry of
Navarre, Edict of Nantes
England – Henry VIII, Catherine of
Aragon, support of Parliament to make
English monarch head of Church of
England
Disbanding of monasteries/church lands
Not as many reforms as English Puritans
wanted
C. Monarchies in England and
France
England – Charles I disbanded Parliament,
needed help to gather taxes, Parliament
wanted guarantees of rights – English Civil
War in 1642
Charles I executed, Oliver Cromwell instated,
eventually Charles II restored
James II a Catholic threat
Queen Mary and William of Orange –
Glorious Revolution of 1688
English Bill of Rights 1689
Monarchies in England and France
Continued…
Estates General
Monarchs sold
appointments/efficient tax
collection
Louis XIV – Palace of Versailles,
kept political intrigues out of Paris
French model widely admired
John Locke (1632 – 1704) –
disputed divine right of monarchs,
authority from consent of the
governed
D. Warfare and Diplomacy
Warfare common in Early Modern period
Expensive/destructive
Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648)
European armed forces much stronger – larger
armies, centralized command structures,
training, fortifications
Stalemates – navy
Henry VIII – investment in navy, influence of the
Dutch, creation of Great Britain
Prevented Spain/France from uniting
Balance of power
 
 
E. Paying the Piper
Post 1600 – states needed more
revenue for militaries
Alliances with rising commercial elite –
needed space AND support
Spanish wars, religious expulsions,
and aristocratic exemption from taxes
American gold/silver – inflation
Netherlands revolted against Spanish
policies – 1648 achieved full
independence
Paying the Piper Continued…
United Netherlands decentralized –
excelled in trade, commercial interests
Rise of the English navy/merchant ships
English “financial revolution” – taxed
aristocracy, collected taxes directly,
central bank
France – some adjustments but stifled by
aristocracy
 
 
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Explore the significant transformations in Europe from 1500 to 1750, including cultural shifts, religious reformations led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin, witch hunts, and the Scientific Revolution challenging traditional beliefs. Witness the impact of the Enlightenment era as it reshaped laws and behaviors, paving the way for intellectual progress.


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  1. Transformations in Europe, 1500 - 1750

  2. I. Culture and Ideas

  3. A. Religious Reformation Papacy St. Peter s Basilica Indulgences Martin Luther (1483 1546) Salvation from faith in Jesus Christ not works Rejection of papal authority Protestant Reformation Bible, printing press German support/nationalism Photo: Luther nails his 95 theses to the door of Wittenburg Cathedral in the film, "Luther."

  4. Religious Reformation Continued John Calvin (1509 1564) Faith not enough, salvation a gift from God predestined Organization, lifestyle Religious movements connected to political circumstances Trent Catholic Reformation Jesuits Wars of Religion

  5. B. Traditional Thinking and Witch - Hunts Folklore/magic Christian teachings miracles, devils, etc. Natural events supernatural causes Lisbon 1755 Accused women and their fates Reformation s focus on the Devil Fear of independent women Women s sphere of influence

  6. C. The Scientific Revolution Influence of Greco Roman sources/Bible Aristotle four elements and physics Pythagoras Scientific Revolution observation Nicholas Copernicus (1473 1543) heliocentric universe Tycho Braches and Johannes Kepler elliptical orbits

  7. The Scientific Revolution Continued Galileo Galilei (1564 1642) telescope Challenge to religious/traditional beliefs Galileo s view of God s truth Jesuits, Roman Inquisition, The Starry Messenger Robert Boyle chemistry Isaac Newton (1642 1727) common physics, law of gravity Hostility of the church, challenges to authority

  8. D. The Early Enlightenment Laws of human behavior Enlightenment Resistance to Enlightenment thinkers Reaction against religious violence Appreciation of non Western examples of governance/behavior Optimistic about future of human behavior/institutions

  9. II. Social and Economic Life

  10. A. The Bourgeoisie Population growth in London, Paris Bourgeoisie work/lifestyle Netherlands textile industry, used foreign raw materials, publishing endeavors Amsterdam commercial fleets dominated overseas trade during 1600s Merchant ships fluit, East Indiaman Dutch banks investments, capital Cartography

  11. The Bourgeoisie continued Family connections/merchant colonies in European cities Alliances with monarchies Joint stock companies Stock exchanges Canals British/Dutch competition English supremacy Gentry alliances with old nobility; exemption from taxes

  12. B. Peasants and Laborers Decline of serfdom/slavery in Western Europe relation to the Americas Challenges to peasants Little Ice Age Impact of new crops from Americas by 1700 Exports of wheat Deforestation (1709), impact on peasants Migration to cities - no relief from poverty Rebellions of the poor in Early Modern Europe resentment against privileged/landowning classes, exemption from taxation

  13. C. Women and the Family Women lower than men but mitigated by class/wealth Importance of a good marriage Choice in marriage/reasons for age Abandoned children Solid education for sons languages, business Exclusion/participation of women in Renaissance, Scientific Rev., Enlightenment

  14. III. Political Innovations

  15. A. State Development Political diversity Holy Roman Empire German Charles V Habsburg united Christian Europe vs. Ottomans French/German opposition German Wars of Religion and the Peace of Augsburg (1555) France, Spain, England strengthening central authority

  16. B. Religious Policies Spain/France defended Catholicism (Spanish Inquisition) French Wars of Religion Henry of Navarre, Edict of Nantes England Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon, support of Parliament to make English monarch head of Church of England Disbanding of monasteries/church lands Not as many reforms as English Puritans wanted

  17. C. Monarchies in England and France England Charles I disbanded Parliament, needed help to gather taxes, Parliament wanted guarantees of rights English Civil War in 1642 Charles I executed, Oliver Cromwell instated, eventually Charles II restored James II a Catholic threat Queen Mary and William of Orange Glorious Revolution of 1688 English Bill of Rights 1689

  18. Monarchies in England and France Continued Estates General Monarchs sold appointments/efficient tax collection Louis XIV Palace of Versailles, kept political intrigues out of Paris French model widely admired John Locke (1632 1704) disputed divine right of monarchs, authority from consent of the governed

  19. D. Warfare and Diplomacy Warfare common in Early Modern period Expensive/destructive Thirty Years War (1618 1648) European armed forces much stronger larger armies, centralized command structures, training, fortifications Stalemates navy Henry VIII investment in navy, influence of the Dutch, creation of Great Britain Prevented Spain/France from uniting Balance of power

  20. E. Paying the Piper Post 1600 states needed more revenue for militaries Alliances with rising commercial elite needed space AND support Spanish wars, religious expulsions, and aristocratic exemption from taxes American gold/silver inflation Netherlands revolted against Spanish policies 1648 achieved full independence

  21. Paying the Piper Continued United Netherlands decentralized excelled in trade, commercial interests Rise of the English navy/merchant ships English financial revolution taxed aristocracy, collected taxes directly, central bank France some adjustments but stifled by aristocracy

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