The Women's Movement in the Federal Republic

The Women's Movement in the Federal Republic of Germany saw significant strides towards gender equality, with key legislations such as the Grundgesetz Art.3, Gleichberechtigungsgesetz, and reforms in the abortion laws. The movement also highlighted persistent disparities in employment, education, and representation. Various feminist ideologies such as Marxist/Socialist Feminism and Radical Feminism played crucial roles in challenging societal norms. The struggle for equal rights and opportunities for women continued to evolve through activism and legal reforms.

• Womens Movement
• Gender Equality
• Feminist Ideologies
• Gender Disparities
• Legal Reforms

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1. The Womens Movement in the Federal Republic

2. Grundgesetz, Art.3, 2 M nner und Frauen sind gleichberechtigt

3. Gleichberechtigungsgesetz Passed 1957

4. Frauenlohngruppen Special wage rates for female workers

5. 1970/1 Industry: average pay of women is 30% lower than that of their male counterparts. White collar sector: women s pay is on average 38% lower Of 9.6 million women in employment 75% are performing unskilled or semi-skilled labour. Top-level management: Of 3300 positions only one filled by a woman (1980 = 1%, 1991 = 3%, 2000 = 6%) 70% of all girls receive no further education after the Volksschule Of every 10 girls in secondary school, only 2 go to university

6. Aktionsrat zur Befreiung der Frau Jan 1968 Initiated by 7 women activists from SDS Helke Sander criticises male SDS members at conference Sept 1968

7. 218 Strafgesetzbuch Abtreibungsparagraph

8. Stern, 6 June 1971

9. Fristenlsung Bill passed by SPD-FDP government in 1974, permitting abortion within 3 months of pregnancy Bundesverfassungsgericht rules bill unconstitutional in 1975 Final bill in 1976: abortion allowed on 4 grounds medical, eugenic, criminological, social

10. Two types of Feminism Marxist/Socialist Feminism: based on belief that lack of equality has roots in capitalism & exploitaton (Hauptwiderspruch & Nebenwiderspruch) Radical Feminism: based on belief that roles are foisted on women by patriarchal culture (i.e. are socially constructed)

11. Sex vs. Gender Biologically determined Socially constructed

12. The history of women is the history of men trying to control their bodies (and minds)!

13. Alice Schwarzer nothing, neither race nor class, determines the nature of a human being so much as gender masculinity and femininity are fashioned not by nature but by culture

14. Das Persnliche ist politisch Selbsterfahrungsgruppen

15. July 1978 10 Feminists, among them actress Romy Schneider & writer Alice Schawarzer take Stern magazine to court over sexist image of women.

16. Courage and Emma Courage (1976-84) Circulation by 1978: 60.000 Emma (since 1977)

18. Frauenoffensive, women s publishing venture, 1975 H utungen (Verena Stefan), 1975 autobiographical (Selbsterfahrung)