The Impact of Incarceration on Violent Recidivism: A Comprehensive Analysis

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THE IMPACT OF
INCARCERATION ON THE RISK
OF VIOLENT RECIDIVISM
 
 
Jennifer Copp, Florida State University
 
Introduction
 
The primary goal of incarceration is crime prevention
Incapacitation
General deterrence
Specific deterrence
 
Focusing on the goal of 
specific deterrence
:
What is known about the effect of imprisonment on recidivism?
What is known about the effect of imprisonment of violent recidivism?
 
Theorizing on the Incarceration—
Recidivism Link
 
Incarceration reduces recidivism:
Imprisonment as a specific deterrent
Rational choice approach to punishment: imprisonment increases the cost of
offending
“Crime does not pay”
 
Incarceration increases recidivism:
Imprisonment as a social experience
Individuals are exposed to a broad range of criminogenic risk factors
 
Prior Research on the Impact of
Incarceration
 
According to BJS’s Recidivism Study of State Prisoners Released in 2005:
68% rearrested within 3 years, 79% within 6 years, and 83% within 9 years
 
Research on imprisonment and recidivism is limited, and varies considerably in
methodological rigor
 
Taken together, existing research supports the following conclusion:
Prison is not more effective than non-custodial sanctions at reducing
recidivism
The effect of prison is either null or slightly criminogenic
 
 
Recognizing the Potential for Effect
Heterogeneity
 
What is the effect of imprisonment on recidivism?
Is this really the right question?
 
Recent work suggests that the effect of prison is likely heterogeneous
What is the nature of the prison experience?
Incarceration as compared to what?
What is the population of interest?
 
Along these lines, research has argued that the effects of imprisonment on
recidivism may be positive, negative, or null
 
 
Incarceration and the Risk of Violent
Recidivism
 
Violence is central to current debates around reducing our reliance on incarceration
Widespread support for use of non-custodial sanctions for non-violent offenses
Yet nearly half of US prisoners are incarcerated for a violent offense
Strategies to reduce prison population must address those convicted of non-
violent and violent offenses
 
Public fear, and not scientific evidence, behind lack of support for alternatives for
“violent offenders”
 
The best available scientific evidence suggests that imprisonment is no more
effective than community alternatives at reducing violent recidivism
 
Conclusions
 
Empirical evidence regarding the impact of imprisonment on recidivism should
feature centrally in sentencing policy
To date, prison policy has largely ignored research on imprisonment and
reoffending
 
Despite the policy relevance of the effect of imprisonment, we actually don’t know
as much as we need to know
The best available evidence suggests that the effect of prison is null (or has a
minor adverse effect)
These findings hold for incarceration effects on violent recidivism
 
Implications for Theorizing and Future
Research
 
Well-designed studies assessing the impact of incarceration, including research
accounting for potential effect heterogeneity
 
Attention to mechanisms underlying the incarceration – recidivism link
 
Consider the utility of drawing distinctions
What is a violent offender? Is this a meaningful category?
 
Improve consistency of measurement
 
Policy Implications
 
Draw on insights from the field
The evidence suggests that there is no need to treat violent offenders
differently from a recidivism standpoint
 
Depoliticize the word “violent”
 
 
Avoid being dismissive of community supervision
 
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THANK YOU
 
Jennifer Copp
jcopp@fsu.edu
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Delve into the complex relationship between incarceration and violent recidivism, exploring theories, prior research findings, and the potential for heterogeneity in the effects of imprisonment on reoffending. Recognize the significance of understanding the impact of incarceration on reducing violent recidivism and the ongoing debates surrounding the effectiveness of custodial versus non-custodial sanctions in preventing future violent offenses.

  • Incarceration
  • Violent Recidivism
  • Crime Prevention
  • Criminal Justice
  • Rehabilitation

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  1. THE IMPACT OF INCARCERATION ON THE RISK OF VIOLENT RECIDIVISM Jennifer Copp, Florida State University

  2. Introduction The primary goal of incarceration is crime prevention Incapacitation General deterrence Specific deterrence Focusing on the goal of specific deterrence: What is known about the effect of imprisonment on recidivism? What is known about the effect of imprisonment of violent recidivism?

  3. Theorizing on the Incarceration Recidivism Link Incarceration reduces recidivism: Incarceration reduces recidivism: Imprisonment as a specific deterrent Rational choice approach to punishment: imprisonment increases the cost of offending Crime does not pay Incarceration increases recidivism: Incarceration increases recidivism: Imprisonment as a social experience Individuals are exposed to a broad range of criminogenic risk factors

  4. Prior Research on the Impact of Incarceration According to BJS s Recidivism Study of State Prisoners Released in 2005: 68% rearrested within 3 years, 79% within 6 years, and 83% within 9 years Research on imprisonment and recidivism is limited, and varies considerably in methodological rigor Taken together, existing research supports the following conclusion: Prison is not more effective than non-custodial sanctions at reducing recidivism The effect of prison is either null or slightly criminogenic

  5. Recognizing the Potential for Effect Heterogeneity What is the effect of imprisonment on recidivism? Is this really the right question? Recent work suggests that the effect of prison is likely heterogeneous What is the nature of the prison experience? Incarceration as compared to what? What is the population of interest? Along these lines, research has argued that the effects of imprisonment on recidivism may be positive, negative, or null

  6. Incarceration and the Risk of Violent Recidivism Violence is central to current debates around reducing our reliance on incarceration Widespread support for use of non-custodial sanctions for non-violent offenses Yet nearly half of US prisoners are incarcerated for a violent offense Strategies to reduce prison population must address those convicted of non- violent and violent offenses Public fear, and not scientific evidence, behind lack of support for alternatives for violent offenders The best available scientific evidence suggests that imprisonment is no more effective than community alternatives at reducing violent recidivism

  7. Conclusions Empirical evidence regarding the impact of imprisonment on recidivism should feature centrally in sentencing policy To date, prison policy has largely ignored research on imprisonment and reoffending Despite the policy relevance of the effect of imprisonment, we actually don t know as much as we need to know The best available evidence suggests that the effect of prison is null (or has a minor adverse effect) These findings hold for incarceration effects on violent recidivism

  8. Implications for Theorizing and Future Research Well-designed studies assessing the impact of incarceration, including research accounting for potential effect heterogeneity Attention to mechanisms underlying the incarceration recidivism link Consider the utility of drawing distinctions What is a violent offender? Is this a meaningful category? Improve consistency of measurement

  9. Policy Implications Draw on insights from the field The evidence suggests that there is no need to treat violent offenders differently from a recidivism standpoint Depoliticize the word violent Avoid being dismissive of community supervision

  10. THANK YOU Jennifer Copp jcopp@fsu.edu

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