SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS (I)
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TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONS
1.
Constructions
Endocentric (headed)
Exocentric (non-headed)
Coordinate
Directive
-additive
Connective
-alternative
Predicational
-appositive
Subordinate
-attributr
e first
-centre first
This classification is based on the type of grammatical relation between the constituents.
Types of constructions
According to the level of syntactic analysis,
constructions may be classified as:
phrases (little birds)
clauses (little birds tweet)
sentences (if the sun shines, little birds tweet).
Endocentric constructions
: the whole
construction belongs to the same class as
at
least one
of its constituents, i.e., at
least one element of the construction
may perform the same syntactic function
as the whole construction:
rich people : I know some (rich) people.
men and women: I know some men (and women) .
Exocentric constructions
: the whole
construction
DOES NOT
belong to the same
class as
any
of its constituents , therefore not
one of its constituents may perform the same
syntactic function as the whole construction.
(I must)
visit Nancy
.
*
I must visit.
*
I must Nancy.
Endocentric constructions:
Coordinate
Additive (
and
)
men
and
women
black
and
white
One hundred and twenty
(he)
ran up
and
greeted her
We went to the cinema
and
our friends joined us.
Alternative (
or
)
Men
or
women
Black
or
white
Stay
or
go
They must come on time
or
we shall be late
(did she come)
yesterday
or
today
Appositive
Petar Petrović Njegoš, the author of the ‘Mountain
Wreath’
Queen Mary
Dr Smith
Professor Jones
Lake Michigan
Subordinate (attributive) constructions have a centre,
i.e.
t
he constituent th
at
can assume the function of
the whole construction; according to the distribution
of their elements, they can be c
lassified
as:
Attribute first,
centre
(big
tree
, very
good
, quite
often
)
Centre
first, attribute (
run
quickly,
secretary
general)
Attribute
centre
attribute (the happiest
man
in the world)
Center attribute centre (
can
never
realize
)
Several centres, one attribute (green
trees
and
bushes
)
Several attributes
,
one centre (all this fresh
milk
on the
table ) .
Exocentric constructions
Directive: relation between constituents -
director ->axis
Objective (Vtr+DO): saw John, wanted to go
Prepositional (prep+ NP) from the beginning, at home
Conjunctive (conj + Cl) : if he comes; because she wants to go
Connective
:
relation between constituents -
connector + predicative
(NomPred) ; copula+complement
(he )
is
a big man
became
tired
grow
impatient
seem
satisified
Predicational: rela
tion
between constituents :
topic:comment
, or
S:P
I
don’t like that man!
That man
, I just don’t like!
My glasses
are broken!
My glasses
, they’re all broken !
Task: Identify the type of construction and the
syntactic level to which it belongs:
Doctor Jones
An accident
in an accident
Hit the brakes
Money or your life
Doctor Jones was killed in an accident
Because his car broke down
Broke down
Salt and pepper
Recommended reading
Matthews, P. H. (1996).
Syntax
. Cambridge:
CUP.
Stageberg, N. C., & Goodman, R. M. (1965).
An introductory English grammar
. Holt,
Rinehart and Winston.
Different types of syntactic constructions, including endocentric and exocentric constructions, and the classification based on the grammatical relations between constituents. It also discusses the various levels of syntactic analysis, such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. The article provides examples and explanations for each type of construction.
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Presentation Transcript
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONS Constructions 1. Endocentric (headed) Coordinate -additive -alternative -appositive Subordinate -attributre first -centre first Exocentric (non-headed) Directive Connective Predicational This classification is based on the type of grammatical relation between the constituents.
Types of constructions According to the level of syntactic analysis, constructions may be classified as: phrases (little birds) clauses (little birds tweet) sentences (if the sun shines, little birds tweet).
Endocentric constructions : the whole construction belongs to the same class as at least one of its constituents, i.e., at least one element of the construction may perform the same syntactic function asthe whole construction: rich people : I know some (rich) people. men and women: I know some men (and women) .
Exocentric construction DOES NOT belong to the same class as any of its constituents , therefore not one of its constituents may perform the same syntacticfunction as thewhole construction. (I must) visit Nancy. *I must visit. *I must Nancy. constructions : the whole
Endocentric constructions: Coordinate Additive (and) men andwomen black andwhite One hundred and twenty (he) ran up andgreeted her We went to the cinema andour friends joined us. Alternative (or) Men orwomen Black orwhite Stay orgo They must come on time orwe shall be late (did she come) yesterday ortoday
Appositive Petar Petrovi Njego , the author of the Mountain Wreath Queen Mary Dr Smith Professor Jones Lake Michigan
Subordinate (attributive) constructions have a centre, i.e. the constituent that can assume the function of the whole construction; according to the distribution of their elements, they can be classified as: Attribute first, centre (big tree, very good, quite often) Centre first, attribute ( runquickly, secretary general) Attribute centre attribute (the happiest manin the world) Center attribute centre ( can never realize ) Several centres, one attribute (green trees and bushes) Several attributes,one centre (all this fresh milk on the table ) .
Exocentric constructions Directive: relation between constituents - director ->axis Objective (Vtr+DO): saw John, wanted to go Prepositional (prep+ NP) from the beginning, at home Conjunctive (conj + Cl) : if he comes; because she wants to go Connective : relation between constituents - connector + predicative (NomPred) ; copula+complement (he ) is a big man became tired growimpatient seem satisified Predicational: relation between constituents : topic:comment , or S:P I don t like that man! That man, I just don t like! My glasses are broken! My glasses, they re all broken !
Task: Identify the type of construction and the syntactic level to which it belongs: Doctor Jones An accident in an accident Hit the brakes Money or your life Doctor Jones was killed in an accident Because his car broke down Broke down Salt and pepper
Recommended reading Matthews, P. H. (1996). Syntax. Cambridge: CUP. Stageberg, N. C., & Goodman, R. M. (1965). An introductory English grammar. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
