Sentences, Utterances, and Propositions
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Sentences, Utterances, Propositions
Any stretch of talk, by one person
Before and after which that person is silent
The use of a piece of language
By a particular speaker
On a particular occasion
Can be a single word, a sentence, or sentences
Each Utterance is a unique physical event
Sounds are transferred in the air
(1) "Hello"
Yes
/
No
(2) "Not much"
Yes
/
No
(3) "Utterances may consist of a single word, a
single phrase or a single sentence; They may also
consist of a sequence of sentences. It is not
unusual to find utterances that consist of one or
more grammatically incomplete sentence-
fragments. In short, there is no simple relation of
correspondence between utterances and
sentences"
Yes
/
No
(4) "Pxgotmgt"
Yes
/
No
(5) "Schplotzenpflaaaaaaargh!"
Yes
/
No
Neither a physical event nor physical object
It is abstract occurs in written form
A sequence of words put together according
to grammatical rules of a language
An ideal string of words that is the basis for a
variety of realizations that may occur as:
- Utterances OR
- In Written Form
(1) Do all (authentic) performances of 'Macbeth' begin
by using the same sentence?
Yes / No
(2) Do all (authentic) performances of 'Macbeth' begin
with
the same utterance?
Yes
/
No
(3) Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of
a sentence?
Yes
/
No
(4) Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of
an utterance?
Yes
/
No
(5) Can one talk of a loud sentence?
Yes
/
No
(6) Can one talk of a slow utterance?
Yes
/
No
“The riders have been struck by lightning” U or S?
The riders have been struck by lightning. U or S
(1) For each of the following label it as an utterance
(U)
or sentence (S), as appropriate, by circling your choice.
(a) "The train now arriving at platform one is the 11.1 5
from King's Cross"
(b)
The pelican ignores the linguist.
(2) Given our conventions, say what is wrong with the
following:
(a) John announced
Mary’s
here
in his squeakiest voice
(b) "Mary thought
how nice John was"
We have defined a sentence as a string of words. A
given sentence always consists of the same words,
and in the same order. Any change in the words or
in their order, makes a different sentence, for our
purposes:
Helen rolled up the carpet
different sentences
Helen rolled the carpet up
Sincerity may frighten the boy}
the same sentence
Sincerity may frighten the boy
(1) Does it make sense to ask what language
(e.g. English, French: Chinese) a sentence
belongs to?
Yes
/
No
(2) What languages do the following sentences
belong to?
Je ne sais quoi.
Aile Menschen sprechen eine Sprache.
Second part of
Unit 2 – Utterances, Sentences, and
Propositions
Practices 5 -11
Explore the concepts of sentences, utterances, and propositions, including their definitions, differences, and characteristics. Dive into the distinctions between these linguistic elements and their roles in communication and language interpretation. Understand how utterances can vary in form and content, ranging from single words to complex sequences. Consider the abstract nature of propositions and how they serve as the foundation for spoken and written expressions.
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Presentation Transcript
Any stretch of talk, by one person Before and after which that person is silent The use of a piece of language By a particular speaker On a particular occasion Can be a single word, a sentence, or sentences Each Utterance is a unique physical event Sounds are transferred in the air
(1) "Hello" (2) "Not much" (3) "Utterances may consist of a single word, a single phrase or a single sentence; They may also consist of a sequence of sentences. It is not unusual to find utterances that consist of one or more grammatically incomplete sentence- fragments. In short, there is no simple relation of correspondence between utterances and sentences" (4) "Pxgotmgt" (5) "Schplotzenpflaaaaaaargh!" Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No
Neither a physical event nor physical object It is abstract occurs in written form A sequence of words put together according to grammatical rules of a language An ideal string of words that is the basis for a variety of realizations that may occur as: - Utterances OR - In Written Form
(1) Do all (authentic) performances of 'Macbeth' begin by using the same sentence? Yes / No (2) Do all (authentic) performances of 'Macbeth' begin with the same utterance? (3) Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of a sentence? (4) Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of an utterance? (5) Can one talk of a loud sentence? Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No (6) Can one talk of a slow utterance? Yes / No
The riders have been struck by lightning U or S? The riders have been struck by lightning. U or S (1) For each of the following label it as an utterance (U) or sentence (S), as appropriate, by circling your choice. (a) "The train now arriving at platform one is the 11.1 5 from King's Cross" (b) The pelican ignores the linguist. (2) Given our conventions, say what is wrong with the following: (a) John announced Mary s here in his squeakiest voice (b) "Mary thought how nice John was"
We have defined a sentence as a string of words. A given sentence always consists of the same words, and in the same order. Any change in the words or in their order, makes a different sentence, for our purposes: Helen rolled up the carpet different sentences Helen rolled the carpet up Sincerity may frighten the boy} the same sentence Sincerity may frighten the boy
(1) Does it make sense to ask what language (e.g. English, French: Chinese) a sentence belongs to? Yes / No (2) What languages do the following sentences belong to? Je ne sais quoi. Aile Menschen sprechen eine Sprache.
Second part of Unit 2 Utterances, Sentences, and Propositions Practices 5 -11
