Radar Familiarization Guide for Surface Operations: Understanding How Radar Works
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This guide is not a substitute for applicable
policy.
•
The best practices presented in this guide
should augment and support the safe
completion of our surface operations
responsibilities.
•
Applicable instructions and/or local
regulations from your OIA and chain of
leadership must always be followed.
Radar Familiarization Guide
A
u
d
i
e
n
c
e
•
This program is designed for all crew
regardless of experience as a starter
course or a review.
•
It is a general overview of how radar works
and how to interpret the radar display
when standing watch.
•
This is not a substitute for formal radar
observer training.
Radar Familiarization Guide
W
h
y
?
•
NAVRULE 7 states “
Proper use shall be
made of radar equipment if fitted and
operational.”
•
That means if you have it you must use it
(even on clear days).
•
NAVRULE 5 expects prudent mariners to
avail themselves “
of all available means
appropriate…as to make full appraisal of
the situation”.
Radar Familiarization Guide
R
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•
Radar stands for Radio Detection and
Ranging.
•
The basic idea behind radar is very
simple:
–
A signal is transmitted
–
It bounces off of an object
–
The reflected signal is picked up by a receiver
–
The result is displayed on a visual screen
Radar Familiarization Guide
R
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d
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•
The radar we use on boats is used to
determine three things;
–
Range (from pulse delay)
–
Velocity (from Doppler frequency shift)
–
Angular direction (from antenna pointing)
•
And has two uses;
–
Position fixing or confirmation (piloting)
–
Collision avoidance
Radar Familiarization Guide
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o
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W
o
r
k
s
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Radar is simply a radio. It sends out a
pulse, bounces it off of something and
measures the time it takes to make the
round trip. The shorter the time the closer
the target.
•
Radar uses two things, echo and Doppler
shift. You hear these every day.
Radar Familiarization Guide
E
c
h
o
If you shout into a well or a canyon, the
echo comes back a moment later.
The echo occurs because some of the
sound waves reflect off the surface and
travel back to your ears.
The length of time between the moment
you shout and the moment you hear
the return is determined by the distance
between you and the surface.
Radar Familiarization Guide
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For accurate range determination a pulse
must be transmitted and reflected before
the next pulse is transmitted.
•
Slower pulse rates allow the radar to
accurately measure a longer distance.
•
Two primary marine radar bands
–
S-Band = smaller antenna, shorter range.
–
X-Band = maximum range, good accuracy.
Radar Familiarization Guide
D
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S
h
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f
t
Doppler shift occurs when sound is
reflected off of a moving object.
Imagine a car moving at 60 mph
and blowing its horn. You will hear
the horn playing one “note” as the
car approaches, but when the car
passes you the sound will
suddenly shift to a lower note.
The horn is making the same
sound the whole time. The change
you hear is caused by Doppler
Shift.
Radar Familiarization Guide
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If you combine the echo return with the Doppler shift
you can determine the speed of the car
.
Radar Familiarization Guide
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So radar combines three elements to paint
your picture
–
Range (from pulse delay)
–
Velocity (from Doppler shift)
–
Angular Direction (from antenna pointing)
Radar Familiarization Guide
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g
•
The radar signal needs something solid to
bounce off of.
•
Fiberglass, plastic or rubber hulls do not
reflect well.
•
Sailboats often fly radar reflectors because
of this.
•
That 60’ fiberglass yacht may not show up
at all!
Radar Familiarization Guide
I
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r
p
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t
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o
n
The radar picture is a plain picture of the
ships surroundings.
Training and repetition will lead you to
interpret the radar picture quickly and
accurately as well as to identify different
targets.
Radar Familiarization Guide
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This shows the
display basics
-
Bearing Lines
-
Range Rings
-
Radar Trace
-
the line moving
around the screen
-
Targets
Radar Familiarization Guide
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Important radar Range Parameters
–
Antenna Height
–
Height of the Target
–
Size of the Target
–
Target Reflecting Area
–
Materials of the Target
–
Shape of the Target
–
Weather Conditions
Radar Familiarization Guide
B
l
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s
•
If the antenna is not placed at the vessels
highest point structures will create blind
sectors in the radar screen.
•
These are easy to plot with during a period
of high sea clutter. The blind sectors will
be seen as distinctly dark sectors in the
clutter.
•
Plot these on a plotting sheet and keep
near the radar.
Radar Familiarization Guide
A
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c
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r
a
c
y
•
Coastal Navigation requires experience
and vigilance all the time.
•
The range accuracy of radar is generally
better than the bearing accuracy.
•
When bearings have to be taken choose
isolated targets of relative small size. The
smaller they are the more precise the
location, giving you a better plot.
Radar Familiarization Guide
H
e
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n
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s
•
When the heading marker on the screen
does not exactly line up with the ships
heading.
•
When the echo from a target dead ahead
does not lie exactly on the heading line we
have a heading marker error.
•
These may have serious effects on the
radar picture and have been the cause of
many collisions.
Radar Familiarization Guide
H
e
a
d
i
n
g
M
a
r
k
e
r
E
r
r
o
r
s
•
Most modern radar units have the ability to
correct for heading errors.
•
The owner determines the error and
enters that into the settings. The radar
then corrects the display.
Radar Familiarization Guide
P
i
l
o
t
a
g
e
•
Radar is a great tool for navigation in
narrow waters.
•
Knowledge and experience are essential
in order to distinguish clearly between
stationary and moving objects.
Radar Familiarization Guide
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•
Rain and waves can reflect radar waves
•
Radar units have “sea” and “rain” clutter
settings that will reduce this…
–
But it also can reduce your ability to see a
target
–
Only use as much as you need and no more
Radar Familiarization Guide
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•
Radar waves travel in a straight line.
•
A radar coastline echo is determined by
the topography and can look very different
from the chart.
Radar Familiarization Guide
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S
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o
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s
•
Rain squalls and showers appear on the
screen as a wooly mass.
•
An intense rainstorm can be detected up
to 25 miles away.
•
Thunderstorms give excellent echoes.
•
Rain, clutter and targets beyond the rain
area will obscure echoes inside the
rainstorm.
Radar Familiarization Guide
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Seven main controls for all radar units
–
Standby/Transmit
–
Brilliance
–
Gain
–
Tuning
–
Range
–
Anti-Sea Clutter
–
Anti-Rain Clutter
Radar Familiarization Guide
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y
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T
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This is the “on-off” switch.
•
Turning the switch to “standby” powers up
the radar, but does not transmit a signal.
•
“Transmit” will give you the picture.
•
Use “standby” when you don’t want to
“zap” people nearby.
Radar Familiarization Guide
B
r
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e
•
On analog radar (the picture tube kind)
you can adjust the brilliance so the trace is
just visible giving good contrast between
echo and background.
•
On raster displays (LCD’s that show a
chart) it regulates the brightness of the
picture for day or night use.
Radar Familiarization Guide
G
a
i
n
•
Gain may appear to have a similar
function as the brilliance control, but it is
important not to confuse the two.
•
Gain affects the receiver and not the
display.
•
Turning up the gain will make weak
echoes look stronger.
Radar Familiarization Guide
T
u
n
i
n
g
•
Tuning can be compared to an ordinary
radio.
•
It tunes the receiver to the frequency of
the transmitter.
•
It is important to frequently fine tune the
set.
•
Many new radars do this automatically.
Radar Familiarization Guide
R
a
n
g
e
•
Range controls the distance the display
shows (not how far the signal goes).
•
You change the range the same way you
change charts for scale.
•
The range rings change scale also and are
used for measuring distance. It is
important to always know what scale you
are set on.
Radar Familiarization Guide
R
a
n
g
e
R
i
n
g
s
•
Variable range rings are a great tool to
measure distances quickly.
•
Learn how to control those on your radar
unit.
•
They make it very easy to triangulate a
position on a paper chart.
Radar Familiarization Guide
S
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t
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r
C
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l
•
The beam bounces off the sea around the
ship creating a starburst pattern, more
pronounced upwind.
•
The Sea Clutter control reduces the
receiver gain for a few microseconds after
each pulse and gradually restores it to its
former level.
•
It works well, but you can lose close
targets as well.
Radar Familiarization Guide
R
a
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n
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l
u
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t
e
r
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
•
The Rain Clutter control will reduce the
interference on the screen due to the rain
and increase the chance of seeing targets
within rain showers.
•
In a tropical downpour the rain can block
out all echoes, at times requiring the
operator to stop the vessel.
Radar Familiarization Guide
P
l
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g
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The Plotting Process
–
Detection – recognition of the presence of the
target.
–
Selection – choosing of target requiring closer
observation.
–
Tracking – the process of observing changes in
target position.
–
Plotting – the whole process of detection,
selection, tracking and calculations of the targets
parameters.
Radar Familiarization Guide
M
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R
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a
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.
•
A corrected chart, a straight edge and a
pencil are always the primary navigation
system.
•
All electronic aids are adjuncts for the
Navigator, not replacements.
Radar Familiarization Guide
P
o
i
n
t
e
r
s
•
If a target moves down the screen at your
speed then it is a buoy or something else
anchored or dead in the water.
•
If a blip does not move at all (on the
screen)it is moving the same course and
speed you are.
•
If a target is at the same bearing (angle)
but getting closer you are on a
collision
course!
Radar Familiarization Guide
R
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r
H
e
a
d
•
Radar units can be set for Course Up or
North Up on screen.
•
“Course Up” means the direction your bow
is pointing is always the top of the screen.
This makes it intuitive to see a target on
the screen and find it out the window.
•
“North Up” means the top of the screen is
always north. Most professional navigators
use north up.
Radar Familiarization Guide
O
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f
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•
Modern radar units can do plotting for you
and give you a lot of information.
•
CPA – closest point of approach (to
target).
•
TCPA – time to closest point of approach.
•
Targets heading, speed and rate of turn.
Radar Familiarization Guide
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
!
•
Importance of VHF communication
–
Always make ones intentions clear to the
other vessel.
–
To arrive at a decision about avoiding tactics.
–
Use of VHF is not explicitly advocated in the
NAVRLES, but implicitly (“by all available
means”) its use is recommended.
Radar Familiarization Guide
A
I
S
•
Automatic Identification System.
•
Tracking system used by ships, VTS, and
others for identifying and locating ships.
•
Information supplements marine radar.
•
AIS information is sent via VHF radio.
•
Oceangoing ships of 300 GT or more and
all passenger ships must have AIS.
Radar Familiarization Guide
A
I
S
•
Gives quick picture of area with vessel
names and headings.
•
Other information (speed, course, vessel
type, etc) available with a “click”.
Radar Familiarization Guide
A
I
S
/
R
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A
R
Split Screen
- Left is RADAR
with “course up”
- Right is chart
with “north up”
- Note the
different looks
- They are
saying the same
thing at the
same time
Radar Familiarization Guide
A
I
S
/
R
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D
A
R
AIS overlaid on radar. Note information on the screen. The AIS info
(in white) is displayed for the target with the box around it.
Radar Familiarization Guide
Note: AIS
will not
interface
with older
radar
units.
W
A
R
N
I
N
G
!
•
Remember
–
Radar (and AIS) shows the distance
between
the antennas
, not the ships!
–
A 900 foot ship with an aft house could have
almost a football field of bow in front of where
AIS says it is.
–
Nothing is ever as good as the Mark One Mod
Zero (human eyeball).
Radar Familiarization Guide
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
•
Every radar is different though similar.
•
Learn to use the one installed on the
facility you serve on.
•
Many radars have “simulation mode”. Play
with it and learn before you need it.
•
If you ever have doubt or a question about
what you see on the screen,
immediately
notify the coxswain.
Radar Familiarization Guide
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s
•
COMDTINST M3710.4 (series)
–
Coast Guard Helicopter Rescue Swimmer Manual
•
COMDTINST M16114.33 (series)
–
Boat Operations And Training Manual
•
COMDTINST M16114.5 (series)
–
Boat Crew Seamanship Manual
•
COMDTINST M16790.1(series)
–
USCG Auxiliary Manual
•
COMDTINST M16798.3 (series)
–
Auxiliary Operations Policy Manual
Radar Familiarization Guide
T
h
a
n
k
Y
o
u
Please send your comments to:
David Larkin BC-RSP
david.larkin@cgauxnet.us
James McCarty, DVC-RS
james.mccarty@cgauxnet.us
Radar Familiarization Guide
This radar familiarization guide by the National Response Directorate provides important information on the proper use of radar equipment, including its basic principles, functions, and practical applications for surface operations. It emphasizes the significance of radar in ensuring safe navigation and collision avoidance, as well as the essential skills needed to interpret radar displays effectively.
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Presentation Transcript
RADAR Familiarization Guide National Response Directorate
Disclaimer This guide is not a substitute for applicable policy. The best practices presented in this guide should augment and support the safe completion of our surface operations responsibilities. Applicable instructions and/or local regulations from your OIA and chain of leadership must always be followed. Radar Familiarization Guide
Audience This program is designed for all crew regardless of experience as a starter course or a review. It is a general overview of how radar works and how to interpret the radar display when standing watch. This is not a substitute for formal radar observer training. Radar Familiarization Guide
Why? NAVRULE 7 states Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational. That means if you have it you must use it (even on clear days). NAVRULE 5 expects prudent mariners to avail themselves of all available means appropriate as to make full appraisal of the situation . Radar Familiarization Guide
RADAR Radar stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. The basic idea behind radar is very simple: A signal is transmitted It bounces off of an object The reflected signal is picked up by a receiver The result is displayed on a visual screen Radar Familiarization Guide
Radar The radar we use on boats is used to determine three things; Range (from pulse delay) Velocity (from Doppler frequency shift) Angular direction (from antenna pointing) And has two uses; Position fixing or confirmation (piloting) Collision avoidance Radar Familiarization Guide
How Radar Works Radar is simply a radio. It sends out a pulse, bounces it off of something and measures the time it takes to make the round trip. The shorter the time the closer the target. Radar uses two things, echo and Doppler shift. You hear these every day. Radar Familiarization Guide
Echo If you shout into a well or a canyon, the echo comes back a moment later. The echo occurs because some of the sound waves reflect off the surface and travel back to your ears. The length of time between the moment you shout and the moment you hear the return is determined by the distance between you and the surface. Radar Familiarization Guide
Pulse Repetition Rate For accurate range determination a pulse must be transmitted and reflected before the next pulse is transmitted. Slower pulse rates allow the radar to accurately measure a longer distance. Two primary marine radar bands S-Band = smaller antenna, shorter range. X-Band = maximum range, good accuracy. Radar Familiarization Guide
Doppler Shift Doppler shift occurs when sound is reflected off of a moving object. Imagine a car moving at 60 mph and blowing its horn. You will hear the horn playing one note as the car approaches, but when the car passes you the sound will suddenly shift to a lower note. The horn is making the same sound the whole time. The change you hear is caused by Doppler Shift. Radar Familiarization Guide
Add It Up If you combine the echo return with the Doppler shift you can determine the speed of the car. Radar Familiarization Guide
Putting it all Together So radar combines three elements to paint your picture Range (from pulse delay) Velocity (from Doppler shift) Angular Direction (from antenna pointing) Radar Familiarization Guide
Warning The radar signal needs something solid to bounce off of. Fiberglass, plastic or rubber hulls do not reflect well. Sailboats often fly radar reflectors because of this. That 60 fiberglass yacht may not show up at all! Radar Familiarization Guide
Interpretation The radar picture is a plain picture of the ships surroundings. Training and repetition will lead you to interpret the radar picture quickly and accurately as well as to identify different targets. Radar Familiarization Guide
Radar Display This shows the display basics -Bearing Lines -Range Rings -Radar Trace -the line moving around the screen -Targets Radar Familiarization Guide
Target Factors Important radar Range Parameters Antenna Height Height of the Target Size of the Target Target Reflecting Area Materials of the Target Shape of the Target Weather Conditions Radar Familiarization Guide
Blind Sectors If the antenna is not placed at the vessels highest point structures will create blind sectors in the radar screen. These are easy to plot with during a period of high sea clutter. The blind sectors will be seen as distinctly dark sectors in the clutter. Plot these on a plotting sheet and keep near the radar. Radar Familiarization Guide
Accuracy Coastal Navigation requires experience and vigilance all the time. The range accuracy of radar is generally better than the bearing accuracy. When bearings have to be taken choose isolated targets of relative small size. The smaller they are the more precise the location, giving you a better plot. Radar Familiarization Guide
Heading Marker Errors When the heading marker on the screen does not exactly line up with the ships heading. When the echo from a target dead ahead does not lie exactly on the heading line we have a heading marker error. These may have serious effects on the radar picture and have been the cause of many collisions. Radar Familiarization Guide
Heading Marker Errors Most modern radar units have the ability to correct for heading errors. The owner determines the error and enters that into the settings. The radar then corrects the display. Radar Familiarization Guide
Pilotage Radar is a great tool for navigation in narrow waters. Knowledge and experience are essential in order to distinguish clearly between stationary and moving objects. Radar Familiarization Guide
Clutter Rain and waves can reflect radar waves Radar units have sea and rain clutter settings that will reduce this But it also can reduce your ability to see a target Only use as much as you need and no more Radar Familiarization Guide
RADAR Shadow Radar waves travel in a straight line. A radar coastline echo is determined by the topography and can look very different from the chart. Radar Familiarization Guide
Rain Squalls and Showers Rain squalls and showers appear on the screen as a wooly mass. An intense rainstorm can be detected up to 25 miles away. Thunderstorms give excellent echoes. Rain, clutter and targets beyond the rain area will obscure echoes inside the rainstorm. Radar Familiarization Guide
RADAR Controls Seven main controls for all radar units Standby/Transmit Brilliance Gain Tuning Range Anti-Sea Clutter Anti-Rain Clutter Radar Familiarization Guide
Standby/Transmit This is the on-off switch. Turning the switch to standby powers up the radar, but does not transmit a signal. Transmit will give you the picture. Use standby when you don t want to zap people nearby. Radar Familiarization Guide
Brilliance On analog radar (the picture tube kind) you can adjust the brilliance so the trace is just visible giving good contrast between echo and background. On raster displays (LCD s that show a chart) it regulates the brightness of the picture for day or night use. Radar Familiarization Guide
Gain Gain may appear to have a similar function as the brilliance control, but it is important not to confuse the two. Gain affects the receiver and not the display. Turning up the gain will make weak echoes look stronger. Radar Familiarization Guide
Tuning Tuning can be compared to an ordinary radio. It tunes the receiver to the frequency of the transmitter. It is important to frequently fine tune the set. Many new radars do this automatically. Radar Familiarization Guide
Range Range controls the distance the display shows (not how far the signal goes). You change the range the same way you change charts for scale. The range rings change scale also and are used for measuring distance. It is important to always know what scale you are set on. Radar Familiarization Guide
Range Rings Variable range rings are a great tool to measure distances quickly. Learn how to control those on your radar unit. They make it very easy to triangulate a position on a paper chart. Radar Familiarization Guide
Sea Clutter Control The beam bounces off the sea around the ship creating a starburst pattern, more pronounced upwind. The Sea Clutter control reduces the receiver gain for a few microseconds after each pulse and gradually restores it to its former level. It works well, but you can lose close targets as well. Radar Familiarization Guide
Rain Clutter Control The Rain Clutter control will reduce the interference on the screen due to the rain and increase the chance of seeing targets within rain showers. In a tropical downpour the rain can block out all echoes, at times requiring the operator to stop the vessel. Radar Familiarization Guide
Plotting The Plotting Process Detection recognition of the presence of the target. Selection choosing of target requiring closer observation. Tracking the process of observing changes in target position. Plotting the whole process of detection, selection, tracking and calculations of the targets parameters. Radar Familiarization Guide
Mark 1, Mod 0 Remember that nothing ever takes the place of good old fashioned seamanship. A corrected chart, a straight edge and a pencil are always the primary navigation system. All electronic aids are adjuncts for the Navigator, not replacements. Radar Familiarization Guide
Pointers If a target moves down the screen at your speed then it is a buoy or something else anchored or dead in the water. If a blip does not move at all (on the screen)it is moving the same course and speed you are. If a target is at the same bearing (angle) but getting closer you are on a collision course! Radar Familiarization Guide
Radar Head Radar units can be set for Course Up or North Up on screen. Course Up means the direction your bow is pointing is always the top of the screen. This makes it intuitive to see a target on the screen and find it out the window. North Up means the top of the screen is always north. Most professional navigators use north up. Radar Familiarization Guide
Other Information Modern radar units can do plotting for you and give you a lot of information. CPA closest point of approach (to target). TCPA time to closest point of approach. Targets heading, speed and rate of turn. Radar Familiarization Guide
Communicate! Importance of VHF communication Always make ones intentions clear to the other vessel. To arrive at a decision about avoiding tactics. Use of VHF is not explicitly advocated in the NAVRLES, but implicitly ( by all available means ) its use is recommended. Radar Familiarization Guide
AIS Automatic Identification System. Tracking system used by ships, VTS, and others for identifying and locating ships. Information supplements marine radar. AIS information is sent via VHF radio. Oceangoing ships of 300 GT or more and all passenger ships must have AIS. Radar Familiarization Guide
AIS Gives quick picture of area with vessel names and headings. Other information (speed, course, vessel type, etc) available with a click . Radar Familiarization Guide
AIS/RADAR Split Screen - Left is RADAR with course up - Right is chart with north up - Note the different looks - They are saying the same thing at the same time Radar Familiarization Guide
AIS/RADAR Note: AIS will not interface with older radar units. AIS overlaid on radar. Note information on the screen. The AIS info (in white) is displayed for the target with the box around it. Radar Familiarization Guide
WARNING! Remember Radar (and AIS) shows the distance between the antennas, not the ships! A 900 foot ship with an aft house could have almost a football field of bow in front of where AIS says it is. Nothing is ever as good as the Mark One Mod Zero (human eyeball). Radar Familiarization Guide
Summary Every radar is different though similar. Learn to use the one installed on the facility you serve on. Many radars have simulation mode . Play with it and learn before you need it. If you ever have doubt or a question about what you see on the screen, immediately notify the coxswain. Radar Familiarization Guide
References COMDTINST M3710.4 (series) Coast Guard Helicopter Rescue Swimmer Manual COMDTINST M16114.33 (series) Boat Operations And Training Manual COMDTINST M16114.5 (series) Boat Crew Seamanship Manual COMDTINST M16790.1(series) USCG Auxiliary Manual COMDTINST M16798.3 (series) Auxiliary Operations Policy Manual Radar Familiarization Guide
Thank You Please send your comments to: David Larkin BC-RSP david.larkin@cgauxnet.us James McCarty, DVC-RS james.mccarty@cgauxnet.us Radar Familiarization Guide
