Process Relationships in Unix Systems
Job Control and Process Relationships
•
Question: A program like shell can create many
processes. When we type Ctrl-C, which process
should be interrupted?
–
See the behavior in a typical shell
Job Control and Process Relationships
•
UNIX process relationship
–
Parent/child
–
Group
–
Session
•
Job control
–
Foreground and background processes
–
Given that many processes can be executed concurrently,
which processes should have accesses to the
keyboard/screen (I/O)?
•
Our discussion will focus on systems (shells)
supporting job control
•
Readings
–
APUE Ch9
Process Groups
•
A process group is a collection of (related) processes.
Each group has a process group ID.
•
Each group has a group leader whose pid = pgid
•
To get the group ID of a process:
pid_t getpgrp(void)
In shell, try ‘ps -f –j –u username’
•
A signal can be sent to the whole group of processes.
Process Groups
•
A process may join an existing group, create a new
group.
int setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid)
–
A process can set group ID of itself or its children
–
_POSIX_JOB_CONTROL must be defined
–
Most shells with job control create new group for each line of
command (job).
Sessions
•
A session is one or more process groups
proc1 | proc2 &
proc3 | proc4 | proc5
•
results in a session with three groups
•
A login shell is a session in general.
•
See example2.c
Login shell
proc2
proc1
proc5
proc4
proc3
Sessions
•
To establish a new session:
pid setsid(void);
–
Process become the session leader
–
Process become a new group leader of a new group
–
Process has no controlling terminal (break up the old one)
•
Each shell is a session. When a shell is created, a terminal
must be setup.
–
Fails if the caller is a group leader.
Session
•
A session can have a single controlling terminal for
performing I/O
–
Terminal device for a terminal login
–
Pseudo-terminal device for a network login
–
The I/O devices somewhat link to the window and keyboard.
–
/dev/tty is synonym of controlling terminal
•
The session leader that establishes the connection to
the control terminal is called the
controlling process
.
Session
•
Only one I/O device for all processes (and process
groups) in a session. Which process should get the
input from the keyboard?
•
Foreground and background process
•
One foreground group
•
Many background groups
•
Input
–
Only foreground group
–
Terminal’s interrupt signals are only sent to the
processes in the foreground group
•
Output
–
Typically shared
Sessions
•
A process can open file
/dev/tty
to talk to controlling
terminal regardless of how std IO are redirected.
–
A way to by pass I/O redirection, see
example1.c
–
However, this process must be foreground process
–
When background process tries to open /dev/tty, error occur
Foreground and Background
•
How to make a group foreground and background?
–
So that the terminal device driver knows where to send the
terminal input and the terminal-generated signals.
–
See mymore.c (foreground and background execution)
pid_t tcgetpgrp(int filedes);
/* return the foreground process group ID associated
with filedes */
int tcsetpgrp(int filedes, pid_t pgrpid);
/* makes the process group with process group ID
pgrpid the foreground process group on the
terminal associated to fd */
–
pgrpid must be group ID in the same session.
Job Control
•
Allows starting multiple jobs from a single terminal
and control which job can access the terminal.
•
Foreground jobs can access terminal
•
Background jobs may not:
–
When a backgound job try to read, SIGTTIN signal is sent
–
A background job may be able to output to the terminal (options may be set
by the
stty
command)
•
See control.c for an example of switching terminal
among groups.
Orphaned Process Group
•
Parent of every member is either in the orphaned group or
is not a member of the group’s session.
•
Happens when a process forks a child and then dies.
–
The child becomes a member of the orphaned group.
–
Can have problems: the child may transform from a foreground process to a
background process automatically.
•
Remember in the control.c program, foreground group is set in both the parent
and the child.
•
Can be in an inconsistent state.
•
If any IO is involved, strange things may happen.
Terminal I/O and Signals
•
How to make sure that a shell program handles
terminal I/O and signals correctly
–
Create a new group for each job
•
Both parent and child do setpgid
–
For foreground job:
•
After fork, shell set tcsetpgrp to give foreground jobs control
over terminal
•
Shell waits for all foreground processes in the foreground job to
finish. After that, shell set tcsetpgrp to itself and print the
prompt.
–
For background job:
•
Create a separate group so that processes in background jobs
do not have access to terminal.
•
Up to now, we have focused on systems
(shells) supporting job control
How about shells do not support job
control?
Shells with vs. without Job Control
•
Up to now, we have focused on systems (more
precisely, shells) supporting job control
•
How about shells that do not support job control
–
Such as the original Bourne shell (sh)
–
Note that, on Linux, sh is linked to bash (which supports job
control)
–
You can try the behavior of sh on program.cs.fsu.edu
Shells without Job Control
•
No new sessions or process groups are created
–
All processes are in the same session and same group
•
No background process groups vs. foreground
process groups
–
It will not use tcsetpgrp() to set foreground process group
•
We do have background process(es) in shells without
job control, such as sh
–
In the sense that parent process (sh) will not wait for
background process(es) to finish
–
After forking a child process to run a command, the shell
continues to show prompt to accept user input
–
The next line of user input should be the next command line
to shell, not the input to the background process(es)
Shells without Job Control
•
How do we guarantee that the next line is for shell,
not read by the background command?
•
It depends on if the standard input of the command
has been redirected to a file
–
If yes, the shell does nothing special
–
If no, the shell will redirect the standard input of the
command to /dev/null before invoking the command
–
As a consequence, in case the command will read from
standard input, it will get nothing (immediately encounter end
of file)
Shells without Job Control
•
How about accessing file /dev/tty in shells without job
control?
–
Every process can open it
–
Since, from terminal device driver’s viewpoint, they are all in
the same process group (no background process group or
foreground process group)
Explore the relationship between processes, process groups, sessions, and controlling terminals in Unix systems. Learn how signals can be sent to process groups, the concept of session leadership, and the role of controlling processes in managing I/O devices.
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Presentation Transcript
Job Control and Process Relationships Question: A program like shell can create many processes. When we type Ctrl-C, which process should be interrupted? See the behavior in a typical shell
Job Control and Process Relationships UNIX process relationship Parent/child Group Session Job control Foreground and background processes Given that many processes can be executed concurrently, which processes should have accesses to the keyboard/screen (I/O)? Our discussion will focus on systems (shells) supporting job control Readings APUE Ch9
Process Groups A process group is a collection of (related) processes. Each group has a process group ID. Each group has a group leader whose pid = pgid To get the group ID of a process: pid_t getpgrp(void) In shell, try ps -f j u username A signal can be sent to the whole group of processes.
Process Groups A process may join an existing group, create a new group. int setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid) A process can set group ID of itself or its children _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL must be defined Most shells with job control create new group for each line of command (job).
Sessions A session is one or more process groups proc1 | proc2 & proc3 | proc4 | proc5 results in a session with three groups proc1 proc3 Login shell proc2 proc4 proc5 A login shell is a session in general. See example2.c
Sessions To establish a new session: pid setsid(void); Process become the session leader Process become a new group leader of a new group Process has no controlling terminal (break up the old one) Each shell is a session. When a shell is created, a terminal must be setup. Fails if the caller is a group leader.
Session A session can have a single controlling terminal for performing I/O Terminal device for a terminal login Pseudo-terminal device for a network login The I/O devices somewhat link to the window and keyboard. /dev/tty is synonym of controlling terminal The session leader that establishes the connection to the control terminal is called the controlling process.
Session Only one I/O device for all processes (and process groups) in a session. Which process should get the input from the keyboard? Foreground and background process One foreground group Many background groups Input Only foreground group Terminal s interrupt signals are only sent to the processes in the foreground group Output Typically shared
Sessions A process can open file /dev/tty to talk to controlling terminal regardless of how std IO are redirected. A way to by pass I/O redirection, see example1.c However, this process must be foreground process When background process tries to open /dev/tty, error occur
Foreground and Background How to make a group foreground and background? So that the terminal device driver knows where to send the terminal input and the terminal-generated signals. See mymore.c (foreground and background execution) pid_t tcgetpgrp(int filedes); /* return the foreground process group ID associated with filedes */ int tcsetpgrp(int filedes, pid_t pgrpid); /* makes the process group with process group ID pgrpid the foreground process group on the terminal associated to fd */ pgrpid must be group ID in the same session.
Job Control Allows starting multiple jobs from a single terminal and control which job can access the terminal. Foreground jobs can access terminal Background jobs may not: When a backgound job try to read, SIGTTIN signal is sent A background job may be able to output to the terminal (options may be set by the stty command) See control.c for an example of switching terminal among groups.
Orphaned Process Group Parent of every member is either in the orphaned group or is not a member of the group s session. Happens when a process forks a child and then dies. The child becomes a member of the orphaned group. Can have problems: the child may transform from a foreground process to a background process automatically. Remember in the control.c program, foreground group is set in both the parent and the child. Can be in an inconsistent state. If any IO is involved, strange things may happen.
Terminal I/O and Signals How to make sure that a shell program handles terminal I/O and signals correctly Create a new group for each job Both parent and child do setpgid For foreground job: After fork, shell set tcsetpgrp to give foreground jobs control over terminal Shell waits for all foreground processes in the foreground job to finish. After that, shell set tcsetpgrp to itself and print the prompt. For background job: Create a separate group so that processes in background jobs do not have access to terminal.
Up to now, we have focused on systems (shells) supporting job control How about shells do not support job control?
Shells with vs. without Job Control Up to now, we have focused on systems (more precisely, shells) supporting job control How about shells that do not support job control Such as the original Bourne shell (sh) Note that, on Linux, sh is linked to bash (which supports job control) You can try the behavior of sh on program.cs.fsu.edu
Shells without Job Control No new sessions or process groups are created All processes are in the same session and same group No background process groups vs. foreground process groups It will not use tcsetpgrp() to set foreground process group We do have background process(es) in shells without job control, such as sh In the sense that parent process (sh) will not wait for background process(es) to finish After forking a child process to run a command, the shell continues to show prompt to accept user input The next line of user input should be the next command line to shell, not the input to the background process(es)
Shells without Job Control How do we guarantee that the next line is for shell, not read by the background command? It depends on if the standard input of the command has been redirected to a file If yes, the shell does nothing special If no, the shell will redirect the standard input of the command to /dev/null before invoking the command As a consequence, in case the command will read from standard input, it will get nothing (immediately encounter end of file)
Shells without Job Control How about accessing file /dev/tty in shells without job control? Every process can open it Since, from terminal device driver s viewpoint, they are all in the same process group (no background process group or foreground process group)
