Polar Bonds and Molecules in Chemistry
Aim: What are polar
bonds and polar
molecules?
Polar and Nonpolar Bonds
•
There are two types of covalent bonds
•
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (equal share of electrons)
•
Polar Covalent Bonds (unequal share of electrons)
Polar Covalent Bond
•
A Polar Covalent Bond is
unequal
sharing of
electrons between two atoms (H-Cl)
•
In a polar covalent bond, one atom typically has a
negative charge, and the other atom has a positive charge
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
•
A Nonpolar Covalent Bond is an
equal
sharing of
electrons between two atoms (Cl-Cl, N-N, O-O)
Classification of Bonds
You can determine the type of bond between two atoms by calculating
the difference in electronegativity values between the elements
The bigger the electronegativity difference the more polar the bond.
Practice
What type of bond is HCl? (H = 2.1, Cl = 3.1)
Y
Y
o
o
u
u
r
r
T
T
u
u
r
r
n
n
T
T
o
o
P
P
r
r
a
a
c
c
t
t
i
i
c
c
e
e
N(3.0) and H(2.1)
N(3.0) and H(2.1)
H(2.1) and H(2.1)
H(2.1) and H(2.1)
Ca(1.0) and Cl(3.0)
Ca(1.0) and Cl(3.0)
Al(1.5) and Cl(3.0)
Al(1.5) and Cl(3.0)
Mg(1.2) and O(3.5)
Mg(1.2) and O(3.5)
H(2.1) and F(4.0)
H(2.1) and F(4.0)
Difference = 3.1 – 2.1 = 1.0
Difference = 3.1 – 2.1 = 1.0
Therefore it is polar covalent bond.
Therefore it is polar covalent bond.
How to show a bond is polar
•
Isn’t a whole charge just a partial charge
•
means a partially positive (less electronegative)
•
means a partially negative (more electronegative)
•
The Cl pulls harder on the electrons
•
The electrons spend more time near the Cl
H
Cl
Polar Molecules
•
Molecules with a positive and a negative end
•
Requires two things to be true
¬
The molecule must contain polar bonds
This can be determined from differences in
electronegativity.
Asymmetric molecule.
Symmetrical Molecules
•
Because of symmetry, molecules that have polar bonds
are overall a
nonpolar molecules
(+ and – charges
cancel out or balance out)
•
Examples:
•
CO
2
BF
3
•
CCl
4
Asymmetrical Molecules
•
If a molecule has polar bonds (and there is
no
symmetry
to cancel out + and – charges), the molecule
is polar.
•
Examples:
•
H
2
O HCl
•
NH
3
Dipole
When there is unequal sharing of electrons a dipole
exists
Dipole is a molecule that has two poles or regions
Dipole is a molecule that has two poles or regions
with opposite charges
with opposite charges
A dipole is represented by a
A dipole is represented by a
dipole arrow pointing towards
dipole arrow pointing towards
the more negative end
the more negative end
Practice Drawing Dipoles
P- Br
P = 2.1
Br = 2.8
P –Br
P –Br
+
+
-
-
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
H(2.1) – S(2.5)
F(4.0) - C(2.5)
C(2.5) - Si(1.8)
N(3.0) – O(3.5)
Is it Polar?
•
HF
•
H
2
O
•
NH
3
•
CF
4
•
CO
2
Summary
•
In a polar bond, one atom is more electronegative than the
In a polar bond, one atom is more electronegative than the
other.
other.
•
In a nonpolar bond, both atoms have similar
In a nonpolar bond, both atoms have similar
electronegativities.
electronegativities.
•
An asymmetric molecule with polar bonds is a polar molecule.
An asymmetric molecule with polar bonds is a polar molecule.
•
An asymmetric molecule with nonpolar bonds is a nonpolar
An asymmetric molecule with nonpolar bonds is a nonpolar
molecule.
molecule.
•
A symmetric molecule, regardless of the polarity of the bonds,
A symmetric molecule, regardless of the polarity of the bonds,
is always a nonpolar molecule.
is always a nonpolar molecule.
Learn about polar and nonpolar covalent bonds, the classification of bonds based on electronegativity differences, and how to identify polar molecules through unequal sharing of electrons. Practice determining bond types and grasp the concept of partial charges in polar bonds.
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
Aim: What are polar bonds and polar molecules?
Polar and Nonpolar Bonds There are two types of covalent bonds Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (equal share of electrons) Polar Covalent Bonds (unequal share of electrons)
Polar Covalent Bond A Polar Covalent Bond is unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms (H-Cl) In a polar covalent bond, one atom typically has a negative charge, and the other atom has a positive charge
Nonpolar Covalent Bond A Nonpolar Covalent Bond is an equal sharing of electrons between two atoms (Cl-Cl, N-N, O-O)
Classification of Bonds You can determine the type of bond between two atoms by calculating the difference in electronegativity values between the elements The bigger the electronegativity difference the more polar the bond. Type of Bond Electronegativity Difference 0 0.4 Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent 0.5 1.9 Ionic 2.0 4.0
Practice What type of bond is HCl? (H = 2.1, Cl = 3.1) Difference = 3.1 2.1 = 1.0 Therefore it is polar covalent bond. Your Turn To Practice N(3.0) and H(2.1) Al(1.5) and Cl(3.0) H(2.1) and H(2.1) Mg(1.2) and O(3.5) Ca(1.0) and Cl(3.0) H(2.1) and F(4.0)
How to show a bond is polar Isn t a whole charge just a partial charge + means a partially positive (less electronegative) means a partially negative (more electronegative) The Cl pulls harder on the electrons The electrons spend more time near the Cl + + H Cl
Polar Molecules Molecules with a positive and a negative end Requires two things to be true The molecule must contain polar bonds This can be determined from differences in electronegativity. Asymmetric molecule.
Symmetrical Molecules Because of symmetry, molecules that have polar bonds are overall a nonpolar molecules (+ and charges cancel out or balance out) Examples: CO2 BF3 CCl4
Asymmetrical Molecules If a molecule has polar bonds (and there is no symmetry to cancel out + and charges), the molecule is polar. Examples: H2O HCl NH3
Dipole When there is unequal sharing of electrons a dipole exists Dipole is a molecule that has two poles or regions with opposite charges A dipole is represented by a dipole arrow pointing towards the more negative end
Practice Drawing Dipoles P- Br P = 2.1 Br = 2.8 Practice P Br + - H(2.1) S(2.5) F(4.0) - C(2.5) C(2.5) - Si(1.8) N(3.0) O(3.5)
Is it Polar? HF H2O NH3 CF4 CO2
Summary In a polar bond, one atom is more electronegative than the other. In a nonpolar bond, both atoms have similar electronegativities. An asymmetric molecule with polar bonds is a polar molecule. An asymmetric molecule with nonpolar bonds is a nonpolar molecule. A symmetric molecule, regardless of the polarity of the bonds, is always a nonpolar molecule.
