Metabolic Rate Measurement Techniques
Metabolism and Survival
Key Area 3a
Measuring Metabolic Rate
Learning Intentions
By the end of this topic you should be able to:
•
Understand how the rate of metabolism can be measured;
You should already know:
•
The pathway of blood through the human heart, lungs
and body
•
the structure of the human heart including the right
and left atria and ventricles;
•
red blood cells contain haemoglobin and are specialised
to carry oxygen.
Metabolic Rate
•
Metabolic rate is the quantity of energy used by the body over
a given time. It is measured in kilojoules (or kilocalories).
Metabolic rate can be measured as
•
Respirometers
•
Oxygen consumption per unit time
•
CO2 production per unit time
•
Energy production (heat) per unit time
Glucose + Oxygen ---- > ATP + carbon dioxide + water
Measuring metabolic rate
There are
different ways to
measure metabolic
rate.
Respirometers and
Calorimeters are
two different
pieces of
equipment that do
this
Respirometers
•
Respirometers
measure the volume
of oxygen uptake
by an organism.
•
If a man consumes
350L of oxygen on
average per day
this equates to
1700Kcal or 7000Kj
The organism uses the O
2
from the
air during respiration. The CO
2
it
produces is absorbed by the
chemical.
As the air in the chamber is used up,
more is pulled up from the capillary
causing the liquid to move up the
scale.
The distance moved is equivalent to
the O
2
consumed
This is sometimes called
indirect
calorimetry
How a
r
espirometer
works
Calorimeters
Calorimeters measure the heat
generated by an organism and
calculates the metabolic rate
from the results
This experiment shows the heat
produced by germinating peas.
The right flask is the control.
There should be no temperature
rise in the control flask.
Direct Calorimeter
A
calorimeter
measures the
heat
generated
by an
organism by
comparing the
temperature of
water entering and
leaving a well-
insulated container.
Metabolic rate
The energy expended by an organism can be broken
down into three main parts
1.
The
BMR
(
Basal metabolic rate
) – the minimum
energy required by an organism at rest
2.
Physical Activity – the more activity, the higher the
energy cost
3.
Dietary-induced thermogenesis – cost of digesting
and processing food
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
At rest,
the metabolic rate is known as the basal
metabolic rate (BMR).
T
he BMR is low compared to the
metabolic rate when the body is undergoing activities like
exercise.
During this resting state the body only needs to use
energy to keep vital organs such as the heart, lungs and
brain functioning properly.
Different organisms will have different BMR.
Comparative metabolic rate
As a general rule, the greater the
mass of an organism the higher
that organism’s metabolic rate is.
However, BMR is higher
per unit of
body mass
in small animals
compared to larger ones. This is
because the higher metabolic rate
of small animals needs a greater
delivery of oxygen to tissues
around the body.
Also, the smaller animals have a
greater surface area to volume
ratio, so more heat is lost
Metabolic rate, the amount of energy used by the body over time, can be measured in different ways using respirometers and calorimeters. Respirometers measure oxygen uptake, while calorimeters calculate metabolic rate based on heat generated by the organism. Understanding these techniques is essential for studying metabolism and energy expenditure.
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Presentation Transcript
Metabolism and Survival Key Area 3a Measuring Metabolic Rate
Learning Intentions By the end of this topic you should be able to: Understand how the rate of metabolism can be measured;
You should already know: The pathway of blood through the human heart, lungs and body the structure of the human heart including the right and left atria and ventricles; red blood cells contain haemoglobin and are specialised to carry oxygen.
Metabolic Rate Metabolic rate is the quantity of energy used by the body over a given time. It is measured in kilojoules (or kilocalories). Glucose + Oxygen ---- > ATP + carbon dioxide + water Metabolic rate can be measured as Respirometers Oxygen consumption per unit time CO2 production per unit time Energy production (heat) per unit time
Measuring metabolic rate There are different ways to measure metabolic rate. Respirometers and Calorimeters are two different pieces of equipment that do this
Respirometers Respirometers measure the volume of oxygen uptake by an organism. If a man consumes 350L of oxygen on average per day this equates to 1700Kcal or 7000Kj
How a respirometer works Air used to zero scale The organism uses the O2 from the air during respiration. The CO2 it produces is absorbed by the chemical. As the air in the chamber is used up, more is pulled up from the capillary causing the liquid to move up the scale. The distance moved is equivalent to the O2 consumed This is sometimes called indirect calorimetry Chemical that removes CO2 from air Air is drawn from tube, pulling up liquid which can be measured on scale
Calorimeters Calorimeters measure the heat generated by an organism and calculates the metabolic rate from the results This experiment shows the heat produced by germinating peas. The right flask is the control. There should be no temperature rise in the control flask.
Direct Calorimeter A calorimeter measures the heat generated by an organism by comparing the temperature of water entering and leaving a well- insulated container.
Metabolic rate The energy expended by an organism can be broken down into three main parts 1. The BMR (Basal metabolic rate) the minimum energy required by an organism at rest 2. Physical Activity the more activity, the higher the energy cost 3. Dietary-induced thermogenesis cost of digesting and processing food
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) At rest, the metabolic rate is known as the basal metabolic rate (BMR). The BMR is low compared to the metabolic rate when the body is undergoing activities like exercise. During this resting state the body only needs to use energy to keep vital organs such as the heart, lungs and brain functioning properly.
Different organisms will have different BMR. Animal Volume of oxygen consumed (mm3 g 1 body mass h 1) Sea anemone 13 Octopus 80 Eel 128 Frog 150 Human 200 Mouse 1500 Hummingbird 3500
Comparative metabolic rate As a general rule, the greater the mass of an organism the higher that organism s metabolic rate is. However, BMR is higher per unit of body mass in small animals compared to larger ones. This is because the higher metabolic rate of small animals needs a greater delivery of oxygen to tissues around the body. Also, the smaller animals have a greater surface area to volume ratio, so more heat is lost
