Legal and Regulatory Framework for Faecal Sludge Management in India
Regional Faecal Sludge Management
Orientation Workshop for Urban Local Bodies
Presented by
Sumitha.
V
.
R
a
o.
iDeCK, Bangalore
Date: December 23rd 2016
Place: Lucknow
Under Sanitation Capacity Platform (SCBP)
OVE
R
VIEW
OF
REGUL
A
T
O
R
Y
AND
INSTITUTIONAL FRAME
W
ORK
undefined
Sanitation Capacity Building Platform
2
W
e
c
a
n
h
e
l
p
y
o
u
!
W
h
a
t
i
s
i
t
?
Collaborative effort by NIUA for Mainstreaming Fecal Sludge Management at the
state level and national sanitation agenda.
Working with Expert Partner
organsiations for FSM solutions, upscaling of capacity building and national level
advoacy with the NFSSM group.
W
e
h
a
v
e
s
a
n
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
!
ULB
L
e
g
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
F
S
M
…
1
B
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
Rehabilitation
2
•
Prese
n
t
l
y
there
ex
i
sts
n
o
specif
i
c
sani
t
at
i
on
law
ei
t
her
a
t
cent
r
al
lev
e
l
o
r
a
t
any
state
level
d
eal
ing
e
x
cl
u
siv
e
ly
w
i
th
safe
h
a
n
d
li
n
g,
transport
and
disp
o
sal
of
sept
a
ge
i
n
a h
o
listic
manner
•
Th
e
re
ex
i
st
n
o
com
p
rehen
s
ive
le
ga
l
framework
o
n
sani
t
ation
o
r
safe
disp
o
s
a
l
of
fa
e
cal
slud
g
e
.
•
E
n
viro
n
m
e
ntal
la
w
s,
municip
a
l
l
a
w
s,
di
f
ferent
nati
o
n
a
l
an
d
state
level
p
o
l
i
ci
e
s
and
pr
o
grammes
regul
a
tes
the
rig
h
t
t
o
sani
t
at
i
on
an
d
sani
t
at
i
on
services
i
n
a
pi
e
cem
e
al
manner
•
Sa
n
it
a
ti
o
n
l
aws
in
In
d
ia stem
from
•
Con
s
tit
ution
of In
d
ia
•
Environmen
t
al
(Prote
c
tion)
Act,
1986
•
The
W
at
er
(Prevention
and
Control
of
Pollution)
Act
•
Legislations
for
prohibition
of employment
as
Manual
Scavengers
and
th
eir
L
e
g
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
F
S
M
…
2
C
o
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
n
d
i
a
•
The
rig
h
t
t
o
sani
t
ation
i
n
In
d
ia
takes
it
s
le
g
al
b
a
sis
mainl
y
from
fu
n
d
a
ment
a
l
righ
t
s
e
n
shrin
e
d
i
n
the
Consti
t
ut
i
on
an
d m
o
st
im
p
ort
a
nt
l
y
fu
n
d
a
m
e
nt
a
l
rig
h
ts
t
o
life
•
Jud
i
ci
a
ry d
e
cis
i
o
n
s
ha
s in
t
er
p
re
t
ed fu
n
dament
a
l rig
h
t
t
o l
i
fe
(Artic
l
e
21
)
t
o
in
c
lu
d
e
rig
h
t
t
o
sani
t
at
i
o
n
/ri
g
ht
t
o
clean
an
d
who
l
eso
m
e
h
e
al
t
hy
e
n
viron
m
e
n
t
•
D
i
recti
v
e
pri
n
ci
p
les c
a
sts
d
u
ty
upo
n the
g
o
vernm
e
nt
t
o
create con
d
iti
on
s through
le
ga
l
an
d re
g
ul
a
tory
in
t
erven
t
io
n
s
t
o
e
n
sure
rig
h
t
t
o
sani
t
at
i
on
(Article
48A)
•
It
i
s
a
fund
a
m
e
ntal
duty
o
f
every
citizen
to
protect
an
d
improve
e
n
viron
m
e
n
t
[
Artic
l
e
51-
A
(g)]
The
Co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
sanita
t
ion
in
In
d
ia
inclu
d
es
personal
hygi
e
n
e
,
ho
m
e
sanita
t
io
n
,
sa
f
e
wate
r
,
garbage
disposal,
excreta
disposal and
waste
water
disposal
3
Source: Nirmal
Bharat
Abh
i
yan
Guidelines,
GoI,
2012
L
e
g
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
F
S
M
…
3
4
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
l
a
w
s
•
Envir
o
nmental
Pr
o
tection
Act
1986
•
S
c
o
p
e
of
t
he
Act
is
broad
a
n
d
en
c
ompass
pro
t
ecti
o
n
of
v
arious
variant
of
enviro
n
me
nt
including
wat
e
r
,
lan
d
.
•
Go
v
ernme
nt
is
gi
v
en
p
o
wer
t
o
t
ake
s
amples
o
f
wa
t
e
r
,
soil
and
ot
h
e
r
substan
c
e
from
an
y
place
for
an
a
lysis
•
W
ater
(Prevention
&
Co
n
trol
an
d
Pollution)
Ac
t
,
1974
•
The
p
u
rpo
s
e
of
W
at
er
Act
is
t
o
pre
v
e
n
ts
a
n
d
c
ont
r
ol
w
a
t
er
pol
l
ution
and
restore
water
qu
a
lity
•
W
ater
A
ct
can
be
used
a
s
a
t
o
o
l
to
prevent
illegal
dischar
g
e
o
f
f
aecal
sludge
into
the
water
bo
d
ies
•
Lack
o
f
proper
c
onstruct
i
o
n
,
overflow
and
o
p
e
n
ing
o
f
s
e
p
tic
ta
nk
during
rainy
season
results
in
pollution
o
f
water
•
P
r
actice
o
f
di
s
pos
i
ng
f
ae
c
al
m
at
t
ers
directly
into
w
a
t
er
b
o
d
i
es
o
r
agri
c
ulture
field
also
causes
water
pollution
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
L
e
g
i
s
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
F
S
M
…
4
T
h
e
E
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
O
f
M
a
n
u
a
l
S
c
a
v
e
n
g
e
r
s
A
n
d
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
O
f
D
r
y
L
a
t
r
i
n
e
s
(
P
r
o
h
i
b
i
t
i
o
n
)
A
c
t
,
1
9
9
3
•
Primary
legal
ins
t
ru
m
ent
to
e
r
adica
t
e
p
r
actice
of
Manual
scavengi
n
g
•
Prohibi
t
s
e
ng
a
gi
n
g
in
or
e
m
ploy
i
ng
fo
r
o
r
pe
r
m
it
to
be
e
n
gag
e
d
in
o
r
e
m
ploy
e
d
f
or
m
a
n
ually
carrying
human
excreta
•
Executive
Auth
o
rity
is
em
p
o
w
ered
unde
r
t
he
Act
to prevent
manual
scavengi
n
g
•
Contra
v
enti
o
n
of
t
he
Act
at
tracts
i
m
pris
o
nm
e
nt
for
a
t
e
rm
ex
t
end
to
on
e
yea
r
o
r
with
fi
n
e,
which
may
ex
t
e
n
d
contin
u
ation,
day
to
R
s
.
2000
o
r
bo
th
.
In
case
of
with
addit
i
onal
fine
R
s
.
100
eve
r
y
Primary reasons
for
the
Act’s
i
n
effic
a
cy
–
Th
e
Act
did
no
t
a
d
d
r
e
ss
the
mo
r
e
i
n
s
i
d
i
o
us
forms
o
f
m
a
n
u
al
scav
e
n
g
i
n
g,
such
a
s
cl
e
a
n
i
ng
o
pe
n
gutt
e
rs,
m
a
n
h
o
l
es
a
n
d
septic
t
a
n
ks
wh
i
ch
i
s
one
In
Ind
i
an
c
iti
e
s,
most
o
f
the
s
e
ptic
tanks
are
d
e
-
sl
u
dg
ed
ma
nu
a
l
l
y
.
Th
i
s
i
s
cons
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
s
an
u
n
p
l
ea
s
ant
a
n
d
r
e
p
ul
sive
j
o
b,
p
rec
i
p
i
tat
e
s
hu
ma
n
contact
w
i
th
f
a
ec
a
l
matte
r
,
a
n
d
s
i
nce
t
h
e
s
l
u
d
ge
(inc
l
u
d
i
n
g
fresh
e
x
creta)
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
g
ets
spi
ll
ed
ar
ou
nd
t
h
e
tank
d
ur
in
g
e
m
pty
i
n
g
,
this
po
se
s
a
risk
Manual
s
c
avenging
in
c
o
nte
x
t
of
FSM
S
o
urc
e
: S
o
ci
o
-Ec
o
n
o
mic
C
a
ste
ce
n
sus
d
ata
– Ju
l
y 2
0
15
o
f
tran
s
mi
s
si
o
n
o
f
d
i
s
ea
s
es
o
f
f
e
cal
or
i
g
i
n
–
i
n
any
ca
s
e,
this
i
s tantam
o
u
n
t
to ma
n
u
a
l
sc
a
ve
n
g
i
n
g
.
o
f
the
primary
reason
for Act’s
i
n
effic
a
cy.
5
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
L
e
g
i
s
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
F
S
M
…
5
P
r
o
h
i
b
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
E
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
a
s
M
a
n
u
a
l
S
c
a
v
e
n
g
e
r
s
&
t
h
e
i
r
R
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
A
c
t
,
2
0
1
3
•
Act has
wider
scope
and
higher
penalti
e
s
compa
re
d
to 1993
Act.
The
Objectives
of
the
Act is to;
•
prohibit
employment
as
manual
scavengers
•
rehabilita
t
e
manual
scaveng
e
rs
and
th
eir
families
•
prohibit
manual
cleaning
of
sewers
and
septic
ta
n
ks
withou
t
protective
equipm
e
nt
•
Act regulat
e
s
insanita
r
y
latrines
and
engagi
n
g
of manual
scaveng
e
rs
b
y
-
•
Proh
i
b
i
ting
constructi
o
n
of an
i
n
san
i
tary
l
a
tri
n
es
and
re
q
u
i
ri
n
g
o
w
ner
of the
i
nsan
i
tary
l
a
tri
n
es
to demo
l
ish
or
convert thereof
i
n
to s
a
n
i
tary
l
a
tri
n
es
•
Proh
i
b
i
ting
en
g
ag
in
g
or
e
mploy
i
ng
ma
n
u
a
l
scaven
g
er
by any
person,
l
o
cal
authority
or
a
ny
ag
e
ncy
•
D
i
schargi
n
g
every
person
en
g
ag
e
d
or
e
mployed
for ma
n
ual
scaven
g
i
n
g
from ob
l
i
g
ati
o
n
to
do
manual
scaven
g
i
n
g
•
P
roh
i
b
i
ting
h
a
zar
d
o
u
s
ma
n
u
a
l
c
l
e
a
n
i
ng
of se
p
tic
tan
k
s a
n
d
se
w
ers
to en
s
ure
h
e
a
l
th
a
n
d
saf
e
ty
o
f
w
ork
e
rs
Duty
is
cast
o
n
every
local
au
t
h
o
rity
to
us
e
app
r
o
p
ri
a
te
t
ech
n
ol
o
gical
a
p
plianc
e
s
f
or
cl
e
an
i
n
g
.
Howeve
r
,
n
o
time
p
e
riod,
f
u
n
ds
o
r
o
t
h
e
r
di
r
ec
t
ive
has
b
e
en
giv
e
n
f
or
such
tr
a
nsition
of
m
et
h
ods
of
cleanin
g
.
7
P
o
l
i
c
y
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e
s
i
n
s
a
n
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
c
t
o
r
2014
Swacch
Bha
r
a
th Mis
s
io
n
;
A
M
R
UT
and
Sm
a
r
t
City
Mis
s
ion
2013
R
e
vised
Man
ual on
S
e
we
r
a
ge
&
S
e
we
r
a
ge
T
r
e
a
tm
ent
sy
s
te
ms
2009
Hand
b
ook
on
SLB
2008
N
a
tional
Urban
S
ani
t
a
tion
P
ol
i
cy
2005
J
a
wah
a
r
lal
Nehru
Urban
R
en
e
wal Mis
s
ion
(JnNURM)
1993
Man
ual on
S
e
we
r
a
ge
and
S
e
w
a
ge
T
r
e
a
tm
ent
sy
s
te
ms
8
The
Con
stitut
i
on
(74
t
h
Amendmen
t)
Act
1992
P
olicy Level Intervention…
.
1
Nati
o
nal
Urban
Sanitati
on
P
oli
c
y
(NUSP)
•
MoUD
i
ssued
NUS
P
i
n
2008
w
ith the
p
rimary
goal
t
o
transform
u
rban
India
into
communi
t
y
-
driven,
to
t
ally
sani
t
ized,
health
and liveable
cities
and towns;
•
Accord
i
ng
t
o
this
defin
i
tion
a
fully
sanitised
city
should
hav
e
:
•
C
o
mm
u
n
i
t
i
es
a
n
d
i
n
stituti
o
ns
a
w
a
re
ab
out
san
i
tati
on
.
•
P
e
o
p
le
wh
o
h
ave
ch
a
n
g
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
b
eh
avi
o
u
r
san
i
tat
i
on
a
n
d
ha
v
e
a
d
op
te
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
practice
s
.
•
Al
l
u
r
b
a
n
d
w
e
l
le
rs
w
ith
ac
c
ess
to
sa
f
e
a
nd
hyg
i
e
n
i
c
s
an
i
t
a
ti
o
n
f
a
ci
l
it
i
es,
s
o
that
n
o
o
n
e
defecates
i
n
the
open
.
•
S
treng
t
h
e
n
ed
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l,
state,
c
i
ty
an
d
l
oc
al
i
n
stitut
i
ons
(p
u
b
l
ic,
p
rivate
a
n
d
comm
u
n
i
t
y
),
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
p
l
a
n
n
i
ng,
impl
e
m
e
n
ting,
o
pe
ra
te
an
d
maintain
san
i
tati
o
n
facil
i
tie
s
.
•
1
00
%
o
f
hu
ma
n
e
x
creta
a
n
d
l
iq
u
i
d
w
a
s
t
es
from
a
l
l
s
an
i
t
a
ti
o
n
f
a
ci
l
it
i
es
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
to
il
ets
are
d
i
sposed
o
f
f
safel
y
.
A
warene
s
s
Generation
and
Behav
i
our
Ch
a
nge
P
roper
O&M of
a
ll
San
i
tary
Inst
a
llation
San
i
tary
and
safe
di
s
posal
Open defeca
t
ion
free
city
Integrated
c
i
t
y
-wide
sanitation
POLICY
GOALS
•
Promoting
proper
d
i
s
posal
and
tr
e
atment
of
sludge
f
rom
on
-
site
installations
•
Ensuring
the
waste
that
human
are
coll
e
cted
s
afely
confined
and
disposed
of after
tr
e
atm
e
nt
in
environment
friendly
way
N
U
S
P
m
a
n
d
a
t
e
s
s
t
a
t
e
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
s
t
a
t
e
u
r
b
a
n
s
a
n
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
c
i
t
i
e
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
C
i
t
y
S
a
n
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
P
l
a
n
s
9
P
o
l
i
c
y
L
e
v
e
l
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
…
.
3
N
A
TIONAL
W
A
TER
P
OLICY
2012
9
•
W
ater
p
olicy
f
or
t
he
first
time,
re
c
ognized
wa
t
er
for
sani
t
ation
and
hygiene
a
s
a
probl
e
m
and
re
c
omme
n
d
e
d
ince
ntiv
es
f
or
de
c
e
n
t
r
alized
and
wa
t
e
r
-sav
i
ng
sanitation
an
d
sewer
a
ge
s
y
stem
•
Natio
n
al
W
ater
Policy
2012
pr
o
vides
following
basic
principles
o
f
Sanitation
•
Access
t
o
safe
and
cl
e
an
dr
i
nk
i
ng
water
and
sanitation
shou
l
d
be
re
g
arded
as
a
r
i
ght
t
o
life essential
t
o
the full enjoyment
of
life and
all other
human
rights
•
T
o
pro
v
ide
impr
o
ved
water supply in ru
r
al
are
a
s
with
pro
p
er
sewer
a
ge
f
a
cilities
•
Reu
s
e
of
urban
w
ater
e
f
fluents
f
r
om
kitchens
and
bathro
o
ms,
af
t
er
primary
treatment,
in flush toilets
should
be encouraged
•
Ur
b
an
w
ater
supply
and
sew
a
ge
t
r
eat
m
ent
schemes
shou
l
d
b
e
integrated
and
executed
simultaneous
l
y
.
W
ater
supply
bills
should
include
sewerage
charge
s
.
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
S
a
n
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
e
p
t
a
g
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
10
11
•
Apart
from
the
Governmental
inst
i
tutional
se
t
-
up,
vari
o
us
educa
t
ional
i
nstitut
i
ons,
co
rpo
r
ate
entities,
NGO
’
s
,
non-
pro
f
it
organisations,
mult
i
-
lateral
agencies
su
c
h
as
ADB,
WB
and
foundations
such
a
s
Bill
&
Mellinda
g
ates
foundation,
US
AID
are
actively
involved
at
various
levels
to
provide
technical
assist
a
nce,
funding
suppo
r
t,
imp
l
ementing
var
i
ous
sanitation
-
based
init
i
atives, training
lo
c
al
communit
i
es
and
conduct
i
ng
awar
e
ness
progra
mme
s
.
Mi
c
r
o
-
Finance
Institutions
are
i
n
vol
v
ed
i
n
providing
micro
-
finance
for setting
-up
sanitation
facilities
.
24
-
12
-
2016
Con
f
idential
Inf
o
rmation
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
S
a
n
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
e
p
t
a
g
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
t
a
t
e
L
e
v
e
l
l
e
g
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
F
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
12
L
e
g
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
F
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
B
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
•
Pro
v
is
io
n
pri
m
ari
l
y
b
o
di
e
s
of
s
a
n
it
a
ti
o
n
facil
i
t
i
es
rests
with
municipal
•
Lega
l
an
d
re
g
u
l
a
t
ory
f
r
a
m
ew
o
rk
o
n
Se
p
tage
mana
g
e
m
ent
i
n
In
d
ia
i
s
focu
s
ed
t
o
provi
d
e
centr
a
lis
e
d
pi
p
ed
sewer
system
•
Only
32
.
7
%
o
f
urban
and
2.
2
%
of
rural
househ
o
l
ds
i
n
In
d
ia
are
con
n
ected
t
o
pi
p
ed
sewer
system
•
Rem
a
i
n
i
ng
pop
u
la
t
i
o
n
thus
depen
d
o
n
on-
site
sa
n
itat
i
on
system like
soak
pi
t
s,
sept
i
c
ta
n
ks
T
otal
Household
24
6
,692,667
P
er
c
entage
of
households
ha
v
ing
P
i
p
ed
sewer
system
11.9
Se
p
tic
T
ank
22.2
Open
49.8
P
er
c
entage
of
households
ha
v
ing
P
iped
sewer
system
32.7
Se
p
tic
T
ank
38.2
Open
12.6
P
e
r
c
e
nta
g
e
of
hou
s
ehol
d
s
ha
v
ing
Urban
Household
78,865,937
R
u
r
al
Household
167,
8
26,730
P
iped
sewer
system
2.2
Se
p
tic
T
ank
14.7
Open
67.3
T
y
p
e
o
f
L
a
t
r
i
n
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
:
S
o
u
r
c
e
:
2
0
1
1
C
e
n
s
u
s
13
S
t
a
t
e
l
e
v
e
l
l
e
g
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
s
a
n
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
•
B
u
i
l
d
i
ng
by
e
-l
a
ws
•
Sanitation
Policy
•
Guidelines
•
Manuals
•
State
W
ater
& san
i
tati
o
n
B
o
ard
•
Municipal
Corpora
t
i
on
Act
•
Municipalities
Act
Municipal
law
Laws
g
o
verning
parasta
t
al
b
o
dies
Buil
d
ing
and
sanitati
o
n
by
e-
laws
Sta
t
e level
p
o
licies
T
h
e
M
u
n
i
c
i
p
a
l
L
a
w
s
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
a
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
o
f
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
s
e
d
s
e
w
e
r
a
g
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
(
p
u
b
l
i
c
d
r
a
i
n
)
b
y
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
l
b
o
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
m
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
o
s
a
n
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
l
a
w
p
u
t
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
s
e
o
n
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
u
t
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
l
b
o
d
i
e
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
r
a
i
n
s
,
d
r
a
i
n
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
n
d
s
e
w
a
g
e
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
w
o
r
k
s
.
A
s
s
u
c
h
,
t
h
e
m
u
n
i
c
i
p
a
l
l
a
w
s
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
r
o
l
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
15
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
d
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
s
a
n
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
l
o
c
a
l
b
o
d
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
p
t
a
g
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
c
h
a
i
n
T
o col
l
ect, remove,
treat
and
d
i
spose
sew
a
ge
S
u
p
p
l
y
,
construct
a
n
d
ma
i
nta
i
n
recep
t
ac
le
s,
fitti
n
gs
p
ip
es
a
n
d
ot
h
er
a
pp
l
i
a
n
c
es
to
rece
i
ve
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
ucti
n
g
s
e
w
a
g
e
i
nto
cor
p
o
r
at
i
on
drai
n
s
C
o
nstr
u
ct
an
y
w
o
rk
or
pur
ch
ase
o
r
take
o
n
l
e
ase
a
n
y
l
a
n
d,
b
u
i
l
d
i
ng,
en
g
i
n
e,
mat
e
ri
a
l
o
r
a
p
p
a
r
atus
for
the
pu
r
p
os
e
o
f
re
c
e
i
v
in
g,
tr
e
ati
n
g, stor
i
ng,
d
i
s
i
nfect
i
n
g
,
oth
e
rwi
s
e
sew
a
g
e
.
d
i
str
i
bu
t
i
n
g
or
d
i
s
p
o
s
i
n
g
of
Arrange
f
o
r
prepar
a
tion
of
compost
manure
f
r
o
m
nightsoil
&
rubbish
.
means
nigh
t-
soil
and
o
ther
c
o
ntents
o
f
wate
r-
c
lo
sets,
lat
r
ines,
pri
v
ies,
urinals,
cess
-
p
oo
ls et
c
.
16
Key
leg
a
l
ch
a
llenge
Inadequate
human
c
apa
c
ity
*L
ac
k of
ski
l
led
labour
for
c
onstru
c
ting
septic
tanks as
per standards
*
I
nadequate
regulations
for
pa
r
tnership
with
p
r
ivate se
r
vice
p
r
oviders
Institutional
issues
*
L
imited
aw
a
r
e
ness
among
st
ak
eho
l
de
r
s
*L
ac
k of
c
lear
de
l
ineation
of
r
esponsibilities
*
S
hortage/transfer
of
effi
c
ient
trained
staffs
*
Political
c
hanges,
vested interest
of
local
l
eaders
Fr
a
g
m
en
t
ed
policy
fra
m
ework
a
n
d
weak
Enforcement
*Poor enforc
e
ment
of exis
t
ing laws
*Empha
s
is
on
centralised
s
ewer
s
y
s
tem
*
Lack of
policies
on
sept
a
ge ma
n
agement
17
L
e
g
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
S
e
p
t
a
g
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
www.niua.org
Thank You
National Institute of Urban Affairs
Core 4B, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road
New Delhi 110003
011- 24617517
agupta@niua.org
, jdash@niua.org
This overview discusses the legal and regulatory framework surrounding faecal sludge management in India, highlighting the current gaps and challenges. It touches upon the absence of specific sanitation laws at both central and state levels, the constitutional basis for the right to sanitation, and the role of environmental laws in regulating faecal sludge disposal. The presentation emphasizes the need for comprehensive legal interventions to ensure safe handling and disposal of septage.
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Regional Faecal Sludge Management Orientation Workshop for Urban Local Bodies OVERVIEW OF REGULA TORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Presented by Sumitha. V . Rao. iDeCK, Bangalore Date: December 23rd 2016 Place: Lucknow Under Sanitation Capacity Platform (SCBP)
Sanitation Capacity Building Platform What is it? What is it? Collaborative effort by NIUA for Mainstreaming Fecal Sludge Management at the state level and national sanitation agenda. Working with Expert Partner organsiations for FSM solutions, upscaling of capacity building and national level advoacy with the NFSSM group. We can help you! We have sanitation challenges! ULB WASHi 2
Legal and regulatory framework for FSM1 Background Presently there exists no specific sanitation law either at central level or at any state level dealing exclusively with safe handling, transport and disposal of septage in a holistic manner There exist no comprehensive legal framework on sanitation or safe disposal of faecal sludge. Environmental laws, municipal laws, different national and state level policies and programmes regulates the right to sanitation and sanitation services in a piecemeal manner Sanitation laws in India stem from Constitution of India Environmental (Protection)Act, 1986 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act Legislations for prohibition of employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation 2
Legal and regulatory framework for FSM2 Constitution of India The right to sanitation in India takes its legal basis mainly from fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution and most importantly fundamental rights to life Judiciary decisions has interpreted fundamental right to life (Article 21) to include right to sanitation/right to clean and wholesome healthy environment Directive principles casts duty upon the government to create conditions through legal and regulatory interventions to ensure right to sanitation (Article 48A) It is a fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve environment [Article 51-A(g)] The Concept of sanitation in India includes personal hygiene, home sanitation, safe water , garbage disposal, excreta disposal and waste water disposal Source: Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan Guidelines, GoI, 2012 3
Legal and regulatory framework for FSM3 Environmental laws Environmental ProtectionAct 1986 Scope of the Act is broad and encompass protection of various variant of environment including water, land. Government is given power to take samples of water, soil and other substance from any place for analysis Water (Prevention & Control and Pollution)Act, 1974 The purpose of Water Act is to prevents and control water pollution and restore water quality Water Act can be used as a tool to prevent illegal discharge of faecal sludge into the water bodies Lack of proper construction, overflow and opening of septic tank during rainy season results in pollution of water Practice of disposing faecal matters directly into water bodies or agriculture field also causes water pollution 4
Central Legislation on FSM4 The Employment Of Manual ScavengersAnd Construction Of Dry Latrines (Prohibition)Act, 1993 Primary legal instrument to eradicate practice of Manual scavenging Prohibits engaging in or employing for or permit to be engaged in or employed for manually carrying human excreta Executive Authority is empowered under the Act to prevent manual scavenging Contravention of the Act attracts imprisonment for a term extend to one year or with fine, which may extend continuation, day Source: Socio-Economic Caste census data July 2015 to Rs. 2000 or both. In case of with additional fine Rs.100 every Manual scavenging in context of FSM In Indian cities, most of the septic tanks are de- sludged manually. This unpleasant and repulsive job, precipitates human contact with faecal matter, and since the sludge (including fresh excreta) generally gets around the tank during emptying, this poses a risk of transmission of diseases of fecal origin in any case, this is tantamount to manual scavenging. is considered as an Primary reasons for the Act s inefficacy The Act did not address the more insidious forms of manual scavenging, such as cleaning open gutters, manholes and septic tanks which is one of the primary reason for Act s inefficacy. spilled 5
Central Legislation on FSM5 Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers & their RehabilitationAct, 2013 Act has wider scope and higher penalties compared to 1993Act. The Objectives of theAct is to; prohibit employment as manual scavengers rehabilitate manual scavengers and their families prohibit manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks without protective equipment Act regulates insanitary latrines and engaging of manual scavengers by- Prohibiting construction of an insanitary latrines and requiring owner of the insanitary latrines to demolish or convert thereof into sanitary latrines Prohibiting engaging or employing manual scavenger by any person, local authority or any agency Discharging every person engaged or employed for manual scavenging from obligation to do manual scavenging Prohibiting hazardous manual cleaning of septic tanks and sewers to ensure health and safety of workers Duty is cast on every local authority to use appropriate technological appliances for cleaning. However, no time period, funds or other directive has been given for such transition of methods of cleaning. 7
Policy initiatives in sanitation sector 2014 Swacch Bharath Mission; AMRUT and Smart City Mission 2013 Revised Manual on Sewerage & Sewerage Treatment systems 2009 Handbook on SLB 2008 National Urban Sanitation Policy 2005 Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) 1993 Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment systems The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act 1992 8
Policy Level Intervention.1 National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) MoUD issued NUSP in 2008 with the primary goal to transform community-driven, totally sanitized, health and liveable cities and towns; According to this definition a fully sanitised city should have: Communities and institutions aware about sanitation. People who have changed their behaviour and have adopted practices. All urban dwellers with access to safe and hygienic sanitation facilities, so that no one defecates in the open. Strengthened national, state, city and local institutions (public, private and community), capable of planning, implementing, operate and maintain sanitation facilities. 100% of human excreta and liquid wastes from all sanitation facilities including toilets are disposed off safely. urban India into POLICY GOALS Awareness Generation and Behaviour Change Promoting proper and of sludge from on-site installations Ensuring the waste collected safely confined disposed of after treatment environment friendly way Open defecation free city disposal treatment healthy sanitation Integrated city-wide sanitation that Sanitary and safe disposal human are Proper O&M of all Sanitary Installation and in NUSP mandates states to develop state urban sanitation strategies and work with cities to develop City Sanitation Plans 9
Policy Level Intervention.3 NATIONAL WATER POLICY 2012 Water policy for the first time, recognized water for sanitation and hygiene as a problem and recommended incentives for decentralized and water-saving sanitation and sewerage system National Water Policy 2012 provides following basic principles of Sanitation Access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation should be regarded as a right to life essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights T o provide improved water supply in rural areas with proper sewerage facilities Reuse of urban water effluents from kitchens and bathrooms, after primary treatment, in flush toilets should be encouraged Urban water supply and sewage treatment schemes should be integrated and executed simultaneously. Water supply bills should include sewerage charges. 9
Institutional framework for Sanitation and Septage management Levels Entity Responsibilities Neeti ayog Govt. of India Planning and allocation of central Government funds through Five Year Plans Development of guidelines, schemes, national level policies, funding support, technical assistance Designing and implementing national-level strategies on sanitation, capacity-building, financial assistance for evaluating urban projects. Providing technical support, funding support for sanitation facilities Monitor and evaluation of programmes supervision of municipal administration coordination with related state government departments liaison with the central government and external funding agencies administrative and financial management of municipalities Ministry of Urban Development CSP, monitoring and State Govt. Urban Department Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) Development (UDD) & Development, promotion and implementation of State level plan, Establishment of standards for sewerage services in the state service delivery, O&M of sanitation facilities Parastatal Agencies such water and sanitation Boards Local Govt. Urban Local Bodies such as municipalities and corporations Development Authorities Planning, design, implementation, operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation services in cities and towns Planning, implementation, O&M of sanitation services 10
Institutional framework for Sanitation and Septage management Apart from the Governmental institutional set-up, various educational institutions, corporate entities, NGO s, non-profit organisations, multi-lateral agencies such as ADB, WB and foundations such as Bill & Mellinda gates foundation, USAID are actively involved at various assistance, funding support, implementing various sanitation- based initiatives, training local communities and conducting awareness programmes. Micro-Finance Institutions are involved in providing micro-finance for setting-up sanitation facilities. levels to provide technical 11 Confidential Information 24-12-2016
State Level legal and regulatory Framework 12
Legal and regulatory Framework Background Provision primarily bodies of sanitation facilities rests with T otal Household Percentage of households having Piped sewer system 246,692,667 municipal 11.9 Septic Tank 22.2 Legal and regulatory framework on Septage management in India is focused to provide centralised piped sewer system Open 49.8 Urban Household Percentage of households having Piped sewer system Septic Tank 78,865,937 32.7 38.2 Only 32.7% of urban and 2.2% of rural households connected to piped sewer system in India are Open Percentage of households having Piped sewer system 12.6 167,826,730 Rural Household Remaining depend system like soak pits, septic tanks population on-site thus 2.2 on sanitation 14.7 Septic T ank Open 67.3 Type of Latrine System: Source: 2011 Census 13
State level legal and regulatory framework for sanitation State Water & sanitation Board Municipal Corporation Act Municipalities Act Laws governing parastatal bodies Municipal law Building and sanitation bye-laws State level policies Sanitation Policy Guidelines Manuals Building bye-laws The Municipal Laws in India are focused towards provision of centralised sewerage networking (public drain) by the local bodies and many of the provisions relating to sanitation in the law put emphasise on the function and duties of the local bodies to provide corporate drains, drainage system and sewage disposal works. As such, the municipal laws responsibilities of corporation in providing a decentralized sanitation services does not directly provide specific roles and 15
Interventions of local bodies in the septage management chain means night-soil and other contents of water-closets, latrines, privies, urinals, cess-pools etc. Construct purchase or take on lease any land, building, engine, material or apparatus for the purpose of receiving, treating, storing, disinfecting, otherwise sewage. any work or T o collect, remove, treat and dispose sewage Supply, construct and maintain receptacles, fittings pipes and other appliances to receive and conducting sewage drains distributing disposing or of into corporation Arrange preparation of compost manure from nightsoil rubbish. for & 16
Legal and institutional challenges in Septage Management Institutional issues *Limited awareness among stakeholders *Lack of clear delineation of responsibilities * Shortage/transfer of efficient trained staffs * Political changes, vested interest of local leaders Inadequate human capacity Fragmented policy framework and weak Enforcement *Poor enforcement of existing laws *Emphasis on centralised sewer system * Lack of policies on septage management *Lack of skilled labour for constructing septic tanks as per standards *Inadequate regulations for partnership with private service providers Key legal challenge 17
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