Legal Aid and Access to Justice

undefined
 
Access to justice
Access to justice
and  funding
and  funding
Discussion Questions
Q. What is legal aid?
A.
State-funded legal help.
Q. What is meant by the 
unmet need for legal services
?
A.
A person has a problem which could possibly be solved by
going to law, but that person is not able to get the help he/
she needs from the system.
Discussion Questions
Q. For what reasons do you think someone would fail to get the legal
help they need?
A person
:
f
ails to see that their problem has legal implications
chooses not to pursue the case because of implications like cost,
sees solicitors as unapproachable
does not know of the existence of a legal service or cannot find
one who could help.
History of Legal Aid
1949
 – 1
st
 state-funded legal aid scheme
1980s
 – system had developed into 6 different schemes
Legal Aid Board
 – administered the schemes
Cost
 of the system escalating
1999 – Access to Justice Act 1999
 – major changes to the system
2012
Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act
2012 –
 introduced further cuts to legal aid
Access to Justice Act 1999
Key changes brought in by the 1999 Act
Legal Aid Board replaced with 
Legal Services Commission
Community Legal Services Partnerships developed
Introduction of a quality mark
6 schemes replaced with 2 new schemes:
Community Legal Service
Criminal Defence Service
Legal Aid today
The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act
2012 (LASPO) has dramatically reduced the availability of civil
legal aid and criminal legal aid is also being reduced
Legal aid is now administered by the Legal Aid Agency – who
is in turn controlled by the Ministry of Justice
Civil legal aid
LASPO – civil legal is only available where the subject area is
listed in Schedule  1
This concerns cases primarily that are directly concerned with
an individual's human rights
Civil legal aid is no longer available for:
Medical negligence
W
elfare benefits
Employment , consumer disputes
E
ducation
 (
except special needs cases)
Immigration
Housing cases
Private family cases do not qualify for legal aid unless the
case involves domestic violence, child abduction or a
forced marriage.
Civil legal aid
Civil legal aid has been retained for:
Environmental law;
Asylum;
Clinical negligence cases (where the negligence occurred
during the first few weeks of life)
Mental health and child welfare cases; and
Judicial review
Means tests for civil legal aid have been tightened
Civil Legal Advice (CLA) is a national telephone service  and
website that provides free legal advice on civil matters
Criminal  legal aid
Still given on a demand-led basis, no set budget, all cases that
fit the merits and means test criteria will be funded
The Legal Aid Agency funds directly the provision of criminal
legal services, it employs public defenders and pays for duty
solicitor schemes
Therefore  criminal legal services are provided by both public
and private lawyers
Contracts for criminal legal aid – there will be 2 different
contract types
1.
A set number of Duty Provider contracts awarded in each
geographic area through competitive tendering
2.
Unlimited number of Own Client Work contracts  to any
provider who satisfies the requirements
Criminal  legal aid
Means test
The Criminal Defence Service Act 2006 – reintroduced the
means test for criminal cases in the magistrates court, Crown
court cases had a means test reintroduced in 2010
LASPO 2012 – introduced a further financial eligibility threshold
in the Crown Court - this will again restrict those eligible for
legal aid
If the defendant is acquitted their contributions will be
refunded
Public defenders
The Legal Aid Agency employs a number of criminal defence
lawyers, known as public defenders
They are limited in number and there are no plans to expand
the scheme
Criminal Defence direct
A telephone service called Criminal Defence Direct was set
up in 2005 – it provides free telephone advice to people
detained by the police for non-imprisonable
 
offences
Problems with the legal aid system
Access to justice is often denied
Problems with the public defender scheme
The cost of criminal cases
Unfair trial if legal aid is refused
Too heavy reliance on private practice
Other Legal Service Providers
Other than solicitors and barristers what 
o
ther agencies/ persons
offer legal advice?
Law centres
Community Legal Advice Centres
Citizens’ Advice Bureaux
LAs
Trade Unions
Motoring organisations
Pro Bono clinics
Insurance
Conditional Fee Agreements
Courts & Legal Services Act 1990 & Access to Justice Act
1999
How do they work?
Solicitor can agree to take no fee, or a reduced fee if
they lose, and raise their fee by an agreed percentage
if they win (maximum of double usual fee)
Extra fee is called the 
‘uplift’ or ‘success fee’
Loser pays winner’s costs and the uplift together with the
insurance premium (if the court orders, and insurance
has been taken out)
Access to Justice Act 1999 – conditional fee available
for all cases except medical negligence
Conditional Fee Agreements -Problems
Coventry v Lawrence ( No 2 ) (2014) 
in this case the
homeowners had won a claim for insurance against a small
business operating a noisy speedway track near their home.
The claim was worth £74,000, but the costs order against the
business was £640,000. 
T
he Supreme Court suggested that cost
arrangements for conditional fee agreements might breach a
defendant’s right to a fair trial, since defendants who lose their
case have to pay the lawyer’s success fee and after the event
insurance of the winning party, which can be extremely costly,
as in this case.
Conditional Fee Agreements -Problems
In Motto v Trafigura (2011) –
 this is the biggest costs case in
legal history. Here lawyers brought a claim on behalf of 30,000
Africans who had suffered ill health when a contractor
illegally dumped toxic waste in the sea near where they lived.
They won the case and were awarded £30 million, which
meant £1 000  compensation for each person. The lawyers
working under a conditional fee agreement  charged 100%
success fee which took their bill to over £100 million; the
defendants challenged this and the bill was reduced by 40%.
Conditional 
f
ee agreements –
after LASPO 2012
Since LASPO 2012 -
 the success fee for conditional fee
agreements is no longer recoverable from the losing party,
except for privacy, defamation and insolvency claims
The client will now have to pay the uplift fee themselves  even
if they win their case
For personal injury cases the success fee is now capped at
25%
For all other cases the success fee can be 100% of the lawyer’s
usual fee
The result is that conditional fee agreements will probably be
used less
Contingency fee agreements
– LASPO 2012
Under a contingency fee agreement lawyers receive a share
of the successful claimant’s award of damages
‘Contingency fee’ comes  from the fact that the payment of
the lawyer is contingent on the claim being successful and
damages being awarded
Before 2012 they were generally unlawful
LASPO now allows lawyers to enter into contingency fee
agreements known as 
damages-based agreements 
with their
clients
Lawyers are allowed to receive up to 25% of the damages for
personal injury cases, 35% for employment cases and 50% for
all other cases
If the defendant loses they pay the claimants’ costs, if the
claimant loses each side bears their own costs
Advantages of contingency
fee agreements
No cost to the state
Widens access to justice
Encourages lawyers to perform better as they have a financial
interest in winning
Disadvantages of contingency
fee agreements
Low take-up rate – they are not popular with lawyers
No win no fee, in reality means no win, pay anyway
Lawyers too heavily involved in the financial outcome
Risky, uncertain cases will not be taken on
Reforms
 Lord Carter's review, 
Legal aid: a market-based approach
to reform (2006)
 Government paper, 
Legal Aid: a sustainable future(2006)
Recommendations included:
Procurement contracts and Price competitive tendering
Price competitive tendering received a lot of opposition
and in 2014 the Government decided not to introduce it,
instead they brought in Duty Provider work, though 
 
this is
awarded through competitive tendering
Slide Note
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Legal aid is a state-funded support system aimed at providing legal assistance to individuals who cannot afford legal help. However, the availability of legal aid has been significantly impacted over the years by various acts and changes in the legal system. The unmet need for legal services arises when individuals face legal issues but are unable to access the necessary help due to various reasons like lack of awareness or financial constraints. The history of legal aid dates back to 1949 when the first state-funded legal aid scheme was introduced, leading to further developments and changes in the system over subsequent decades. The access to justice act of 1999 brought significant alterations to the legal aid system, followed by the legal aid act of 2012 which further restricted the availability of civil and criminal legal aid. Today, legal aid is administered by the Legal Aid Agency under the Ministry of Justice, with specific limitations on the types of cases eligible for assistance.

  • Legal Aid
  • Access to Justice
  • Unmet Need
  • Legal Services
  • History

Uploaded on Sep 15, 2024 | 2 Views


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  1. Access to justice and funding

  2. Discussion Questions Q. What is legal aid? A. State-funded legal help. Q. What is meant by the unmet need for legal services? A. A person has a problem which could possibly be solved by going to law, but that person is not able to get the help he/ she needs from the system.

  3. Discussion Questions Q. For what reasons do you think someone would fail to get the legal help they need? A person: fails to see that their problem has legal implications chooses not to pursue the case because of implications like cost, sees solicitors as unapproachable does not know of the existence of a legal service or cannot find one who could help.

  4. History of Legal Aid 1949 1st state-funded legal aid scheme 1980s system had developed into 6 different schemes Legal Aid Board administered the schemes Cost of the system escalating 1999 Access to Justice Act 1999 major changes to the system 2012 Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 introduced further cuts to legal aid

  5. Access to Justice Act 1999 Key changes brought in by the 1999 Act Legal Aid Board replaced with Legal Services Commission Community Legal Services Partnerships developed Introduction of a quality mark 6 schemes replaced with 2 new schemes: Community Legal Service Criminal Defence Service

  6. Legal Aid today The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) has dramatically reduced the availability of civil legal aid and criminal legal aid is also being reduced Legal aid is now administered by the Legal Aid Agency who is in turn controlled by the Ministry of Justice

  7. Civil legal aid LASPO civil legal is only available where the subject area is listed in Schedule 1 This concerns cases primarily that are directly concerned with an individual's human rights Civil legal aid is no longer available for: Medical negligence Welfare benefits Employment , consumer disputes Education (except special needs cases) Immigration Housing cases Private family cases do not qualify for legal aid unless the case involves domestic violence, child abduction or a forced marriage.

  8. Civil legal aid Civil legal aid has been retained for: Environmental law; Asylum; Clinical negligence cases (where the negligence occurred during the first few weeks of life) Mental health and child welfare cases; and Judicial review Means tests for civil legal aid have been tightened Civil Legal Advice (CLA) is a national telephone service and website that provides free legal advice on civil matters

  9. Criminal legal aid Still given on a demand-led basis, no set budget, all cases that fit the merits and means test criteria will be funded The Legal Aid Agency funds directly the provision of criminal legal services, it employs public defenders and pays for duty solicitor schemes Therefore criminal legal services are provided by both public and private lawyers Contracts for criminal legal aid there will be 2 different contract types A set number of Duty Provider contracts awarded in each geographic area through competitive tendering Unlimited number of Own Client Work contracts to any provider who satisfies the requirements 1. 2.

  10. Criminal legal aid Means test The Criminal Defence Service Act 2006 reintroduced the means test for criminal cases in the magistrates court, Crown court cases had a means test reintroduced in 2010 LASPO 2012 introduced a further financial eligibility threshold in the Crown Court - this will again restrict those eligible for legal aid If the defendant is acquitted their contributions will be refunded

  11. Public defenders The Legal Aid Agency employs a number of criminal defence lawyers, known as public defenders They are limited in number and there are no plans to expand the scheme

  12. Criminal Defence direct A telephone service called Criminal Defence Direct was set up in 2005 it provides free telephone advice to people detained by the police for non-imprisonable offences

  13. Problems with the legal aid system Access to justice is often denied Problems with the public defender scheme The cost of criminal cases Unfair trial if legal aid is refused Too heavy reliance on private practice

  14. Other Legal Service Providers Other than solicitors and barristers what other agencies/ persons offer legal advice? Law centres Community Legal Advice Centres Citizens Advice Bureaux LAs Trade Unions Motoring organisations Pro Bono clinics Insurance

  15. Conditional Fee Agreements Courts & Legal Services Act 1990 & Access to Justice Act 1999 How do they work? Solicitor can agree to take no fee, or a reduced fee if they lose, and raise their fee by an agreed percentage if they win (maximum of double usual fee) Extra fee is called the uplift or success fee Loser pays winner s costs and the uplift together with the insurance premium (if the court orders, and insurance has been taken out) Access to Justice Act 1999 conditional fee available for all cases except medical negligence

  16. Conditional Fee Agreements -Problems Coventry v Lawrence ( No 2 ) (2014) in this case the homeowners had won a claim for insurance against a small business operating a noisy speedway track near their home. The claim was worth 74,000, but the costs order against the business was 640,000. The Supreme Court suggested that cost arrangements for conditional fee agreements might breach a defendant s right to a fair trial, since defendants who lose their case have to pay the lawyer s success fee and after the event insurance of the winning party, which can be extremely costly, as in this case.

  17. Conditional Fee Agreements -Problems In Motto v Trafigura (2011) this is the biggest costs case in legal history. Here lawyers brought a claim on behalf of 30,000 Africans who had suffered ill health when a contractor illegally dumped toxic waste in the sea near where they lived. They won the case and were awarded 30 million, which meant 1 000 compensation for each person. The lawyers working under a conditional fee agreement charged 100% success fee which took their bill to over 100 million; the defendants challenged this and the bill was reduced by 40%.

  18. Conditional fee agreements after LASPO 2012 Since LASPO 2012 - the success fee for conditional fee agreements is no longer recoverable from the losing party, except for privacy, defamation and insolvency claims The client will now have to pay the uplift fee themselves even if they win their case For personal injury cases the success fee is now capped at 25% For all other cases the success fee can be 100% of the lawyer s usual fee The result is that conditional fee agreements will probably be used less

  19. Contingency fee agreements LASPO 2012 Under a contingency fee agreement lawyers receive a share of the successful claimant s award of damages Contingency fee comes from the fact that the payment of the lawyer is contingent on the claim being successful and damages being awarded Before 2012 they were generally unlawful LASPO now allows lawyers to enter into contingency fee agreements known as damages-based agreements with their clients Lawyers are allowed to receive up to 25% of the damages for personal injury cases, 35% for employment cases and 50% for all other cases If the defendant loses they pay the claimants costs, if the claimant loses each side bears their own costs

  20. Advantages of contingency fee agreements No cost to the state Widens access to justice Encourages lawyers to perform better as they have a financial interest in winning

  21. Disadvantages of contingency fee agreements Low take-up rate they are not popular with lawyers No win no fee, in reality means no win, pay anyway Lawyers too heavily involved in the financial outcome Risky, uncertain cases will not be taken on

  22. Reforms Lord Carter's review, Legal aid: a market-based approach to reform (2006) Government paper, Legal Aid: a sustainable future(2006) Recommendations included: Procurement contracts and Price competitive tendering Price competitive tendering received a lot of opposition and in 2014 the Government decided not to introduce it, instead they brought in Duty Provider work, though awarded through competitive tendering this is

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