Health Risks, Events, and Disease Transmission
Definition of health risks/events
and transmission
Objectives
By the end of this session, you will be able to:
• Understand how diseases can spread
• Understand the connection between human’s health, animal´s health and a
healthy environment
• Understand the infection cycle
• Understand what vulnerability to epidemics are
• Understand how volunteers can contribute to prevent epidemics and be
able to discuss why CBS volunteers look at health risks/ events rather than
diseases
• Be able to recognize sign and symptoms related to the health risk/event
relevant for the context
Activity: glitter
Infection and
epidemic cycles
One sick person, or one vector, can
infect many people = EPIDEMIC
4
Activity:
How do disease enter the body
?
1.
Divide in groups
2.
Draw a person
3.
Discuss in the groups: how/where a germ can enter a body?
4.
Mark the answers on the person drawn on the paper
The spread of disease
8
Breathe
Wounds,
insect bites
Eat & drink
Pregnancy &
breastfeeding
Sexual contact
Activity: the story of
transmission
Vulnerability
Some people are more vulnerable;
•
at higher risk of contracting the
infection, AND
•
at higher risk of severe disease or
death.
Activity – vulnerability
What is a health
risk/event?
Why do we report on health risk/events and not diseases?
Activity: how to recognize
the health risk/event?
Instruction
Choose the slides relevant for your training. They are divided in
sections.
Delete this slide before the training
Acute diarrhoeal disease
3 or more loose or liquid stools over a period of 24
hours
Symptoms
•
Possible stomach pains, fever, nausea and vomiting
•
Can cause dehydration and death
Questions to the video
•
How did cholera spread in the movie?
•
How did they prevent the disease to be spread?
•
What did the son give the father when he was sick?
Acute diarrhoeal disease
Advise on:
•
Explain how to prepare salt and sugar solution and/or give ORS (ECV
action tool 9 and 10)
•
Handwashing (ECV action tool 35)
•
Safe food and water (ECV action tool 30 and 31)
•
Good sanitation facilities (ECV action tool 32)
Bloody diarrhea
Community case definition:
•
Loose stools with visible blood
Advise on:
•
Explain how to prepare salt and sugar solution and/or give ORS,
•
Explain good handwashing
•
Safe water and food
•
Appropriate sanitation facilities.
Fever and rash
Community case definition:
Fever and rash. Often accompanied by or start
with runny nose, tiredness, headache, feeling
unwell
Advise on:
•
Handwashing (ECV action tool 35)
•
Coughing etiquette (ECV action tool 26)
•
Social distance (ECV action tool 28)
•
Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4)
•
Advise community members to follow routine vaccination if available
(ECV action tool 24)
Fever and yellow eyes
Community case definition:
Sudden fever with yellow in the eyes or skin appearing within 2 weeks
of becoming ill.
Fever and yellow eyes
Advise on:
•
Community clean-up campaigns to eliminate mosquito breeding
grounds (ECV action tool 38)
•
Advice community members to follow routine vaccination (ECV action
tool 24)
Fever and
bleeding
Community case definition:
Fever with bleeding from the nose, eyes,
mouth, skin, gums or blood in the stool, vomit or urine (not due to an
accident) OR a person died after an unexplained severe illness with
fever and bleeding
Questions to the video
•
How did Ebola spread in the movie?
•
How did they prevent the disease to be spread?
•
What was done to prevent Ebola from beeing spread?
Fever and
bleeding
Advise on:
•
Use personal protective equipment (ECV action tool 5 and 6)
•
Encourage social distance (ECV action tool 28)
•
Isolate person until help arrive or refer through safe transportation
(ECV action tool 4)
Fever and body pain
Community Case Definition:
High fever, with muscle and joint pain / body pain
Tiredness, headache, diarrhoea or constipation
Fever and body pain
Advise on:
•
Handwashing (ECV action tool 35)
•
Safe water and food (ECV action tools 30 and 31)
•
Appropriate sanitation facilities ECV action tools 32)
•
Refer to health facility if person is very tired or cannot eat or drink or
refer all to health facility if there is a risk of malaria, meningitis or
yellow fever in your area. (ECV action tool 4)
Fever and neck stiffness
Community case definition
:
Neck stiffness (children under 15 years),
high fever
Fever and neck stiffness
Advise on:
•
Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4)
•
Routine vaccination if available (ECV action tool 24)
•
Handwashing (ECV action tool 35)
•
Coughing etiquette (ECV tool 26)
•
Advise against overcrowding.
Cough and difficulty breathing
Community health definition:
Cough and difficulty breathing. Can start with fever, runny nose,
tiredness, headache, feeling unwell
Cough and difficulty breathing
Advise on:
•
Encourage social distance (ECV action tool 28)
•
Explain importance of handwashing (ECV action tool 35)
•
Refer to health facility if difficult breathing (ECV action tool 4)
Fever and painful throat
Community case definition:
High fever, very painful sore throat, difficulty breathing/ swallowing
and/or swollen throat
Fever and painful throat
Advise on:
•
Encourage social distance (ECV action tool 28)
•
Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4)
•
Advise on vaccination where this is available (ECV action tool 24)
•
Provide home care for fever (sponging) (ECV action tool 12)
Acute flaccid paralysis
Community case defintion:
Child under 15 suddenly paralysed - Legs or arms are weak and floppy,
the person is suddenly unable to walk or crawl (not due to an accident)
Acute flaccid paralysis
Advise on:
•
Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4)
•
Handwashing (ECV action tool 35)
•
Safe water (ECV action tool 30)
•
Use of appropriate sanitation facilities (ECV action tool 32)
•
Vaccination (ECV action tool 24)
Painful swelling under the arms and groin
Community case definition:
Any person with painful swelling under the
arms or in the groin area.
Painful swelling under the arms and groin
Advise on:
•
Encourage community cleaning to avoid rodents and fleas close to
households (ECV action tool 32)
•
Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4)
Acute malnutrition
Community case definition:
Red or yellow score on MUAC screening
(MUAC <125mm)
Acute malnutrition
Advise on:
•
Refer malnourished children to health facility or nutrition facility
immediately (ECV action tool 4)
•
Promote vitamin A
•
Advise on handwashing (ECV action tool 35)
Cluster of unusual illnesses or deaths in
people
Community case definition:
Cluster of people (3+) suddenly sick or died with the same signs of
illness
Cluster of unusual illnesses or deaths in
people
Advise on:
•
Social distance (ECV action tool 28)
•
Handwashing (ECV action tool 35)
•
Note the types of symptoms and inform the health facility
•
Refer sick people to health facilities (ECV action tool 4)
Unusual event
Community case definition:
Anything happening in the community that is unusual and seem to
pose a risk or causing concern in the community
Note to facilitator:
in this health risk/event should you og back to the
list made in session 3 (VCA), and use the information found to discuss
what is unusual events in the local context.
Unusual event
Advise on:
•
Listen to notifications from authorities
•
Assist people to stay safe
•
Use evacuation centres if available
•
Send updates to your supervisor.
Animal with aggressive unusual behaviour
Community case definition:
Aggressive, possibly trying to bite
everything, people, other animals or objects.
AND, 2 + of the following:
Excessive uncontrolled hyperactivity, or seizures A lot of saliva,
uncontrolled drooling Fear of light or fear of water – stay hidden.
Advise on:
•
Stay clear from the affected animal.
•
Provide first aid to people - wash wounds, bites, scratches for 15
minutes with soapy water.
•
Refer to health facility if injured. (ECV action tool 4)
Animal deaths with unusual bleeding
•
Sudden deaths of animals with unexplained bleeding from gums,
eyes, nose or anus, or blood in stools or vomit.
Animal deaths with unusual bleeding
Advise on:
•
Promote protective gear for farmers
•
Isolate sick animals
•
Notify veterinary officials.
•
Advise communities to cook all meats and animal products very well.
•
Advise against eating animals which have died with illness
Cluster livestock abortions or young animal
deaths
Community case definition:
Cluster of abortions in livestock and/or sudden deaths of many young
lambs/ calves
Cluster livestock abortions or young animal
deaths
Advise on:
•
Promote protective gear for farmers
•
Isolate sick animals
•
Notify veterinary officials
•
Advise cooking all meat and animal products very well
•
Advise against eating animals which have died with illness
Unusual bird deaths
Community case definition:
Cluster of sudden deaths of birds, ducks or
chickens in local area. (All within one small village area in the past 2-
week period).
Unusual bird deaths
Advise on:
•
Promote protective gear for farmers
•
Isolate sick animals
•
Notify veterinary officials
•
Advise against eating meat, eggs, milk products from animals which
died with illness
Cluster of unusual illnesses or deaths in
animal
Community case definition:
Cluster of animals (3+) with illness or sudden deaths that is unusual
and unknown cause. All within one small village area in the past 2-week
period.
Cluster of unusual illnesses or deaths in
animal
Advise on:
•
Promote protective gear for farmers
•
Isolate sick animals
•
Notify veterinary officials
List of actions
1.
Action: Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4)
2.
Action: Volunteer protection and safety (Action tool 5)
3.
Action: Personal protection equipment (PPE) for highly infectious diseases (Action tool 6)
4.
Action: Assessment of dehydration (ECV action tool 7)
5.
Action: Preparing an oral rehydration solution (ORS) (ECV action tool 9)
6.
Action: Giving an oral rehydration solution (ORS) (ECV action tool 10)
7.
Action: Managing fever (ECV action tool 12)
8.
Action: Breastfeeding (ECV action tool 13)
9.
Action: Infant and young child feeding in emergencies (ECV action tool 14)
10.
Action: Isolating sick people (ECV action tool 20)
11.
Action: Advise community members to follow routine vaccination if available (action tool 24)
12.
Action: Coughing etiquette (ECV action tool 26)
13.
Action: Social distance (ECV action tool 28)
14.
Action: Clean, safe household water (ECV action tool 30)
15.
Action: Good food hygiene (ECV action tool 31)
16.
Action: Sanitation (ECV action tool 32)
17.
Action: Building and maintaining latrines (ECV action tool 33)
18.
Action: Handwashing (ECV action tool 35):
19.
Action: Waste disposal and clean-up campaigns (ECV action tool 38)
4.1 Introduction
Explore the interconnectedness between human health, animal health, and the environment while delving into how diseases spread, the infection cycle, and vulnerability to epidemics. Learn how volunteers can help prevent epidemics, recognize symptoms of health risks, and discuss why it's important to focus on health risks and events. Engage in activities like understanding disease transmission pathways and identifying vulnerable populations.
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Presentation Transcript
Definition of health risks/events and transmission
Objectives By the end of this session, you will be able to: Understand how diseases can spread Understand the connection between human s health, animal s health and a healthy environment Understand the infection cycle Understand what vulnerability to epidemics are Understand how volunteers can contribute to prevent epidemics and be able to discuss why CBS volunteers look at health risks/ events rather than diseases Be able to recognize sign and symptoms related to the health risk/event relevant for the context
Infection and epidemic cycles One sick person, or one vector, can infect many people = EPIDEMIC 4
Activity: How do disease enter the body? 1. Divide in groups 2. Draw a person 3. Discuss in the groups: how/where a germ can enter a body? 4. Mark the answers on the person drawn on the paper
The spread of disease Eat & drink Wounds, insect bites Breathe Sexual contact Pregnancy & breastfeeding 8
Activity: the story of transmission
Vulnerability Some people are more vulnerable; at higher risk of contracting the infection, AND at higher risk of severe disease or death.
Activity vulnerability Category Vulnerability Why Babies Chlidren Pregnant women Healthy working people Elderly people Soldiers Farmers Factory workers HIV + people Health care workers Single parents and widows Poor
What is a health risk/event? Why do we report on health risk/events and not diseases?
Activity: how to recognize the health risk/event?
Instruction Choose the slides relevant for your training. They are divided in sections. Delete this slide before the training
Acute diarrhoeal disease 3 or more loose or liquid stools over a period of 24 hours Symptoms Possible stomach pains, fever, nausea and vomiting Can cause dehydration and death
Questions to the video How did cholera spread in the movie? How did they prevent the disease to be spread? What did the son give the father when he was sick?
Acute diarrhoeal disease Advise on: Explain how to prepare salt and sugar solution and/or give ORS (ECV action tool 9 and 10) Handwashing (ECV action tool 35) Safe food and water (ECV action tool 30 and 31) Good sanitation facilities (ECV action tool 32)
Bloody diarrhea Community case definition: Loose stools with visible blood
Advise on: Explain how to prepare salt and sugar solution and/or give ORS, Explain good handwashing Safe water and food Appropriate sanitation facilities.
Fever and rash Community case definition: Fever and rash. Often accompanied by or start with runny nose, tiredness, headache, feeling unwell
Advise on: Handwashing (ECV action tool 35) Coughing etiquette (ECV action tool 26) Social distance (ECV action tool 28) Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4) Advise community members to follow routine vaccination if available (ECV action tool 24)
Fever and yellow eyes Community case definition: Sudden fever with yellow in the eyes or skin appearing within 2 weeks of becoming ill.
Fever and yellow eyes Advise on: Community clean-up campaigns to eliminate mosquito breeding grounds (ECV action tool 38) Advice community members to follow routine vaccination (ECV action tool 24)
Fever and bleeding Community case definition: Fever with bleeding from the nose, eyes, mouth, skin, gums or blood in the stool, vomit or urine (not due to an accident) OR a person died after an unexplained severe illness with fever and bleeding
Questions to the video How did Ebola spread in the movie? How did they prevent the disease to be spread? What was done to prevent Ebola from beeing spread?
Fever and bleeding Advise on: Use personal protective equipment (ECV action tool 5 and 6) Encourage social distance (ECV action tool 28) Isolate person until help arrive or refer through safe transportation (ECV action tool 4)
Fever and body pain Community Case Definition: High fever, with muscle and joint pain / body pain Tiredness, headache, diarrhoea or constipation
Fever and body pain Advise on: Handwashing (ECV action tool 35) Safe water and food (ECV action tools 30 and 31) Appropriate sanitation facilities ECV action tools 32) Refer to health facility if person is very tired or cannot eat or drink or refer all to health facility if there is a risk of malaria, meningitis or yellow fever in your area. (ECV action tool 4)
Fever and neck stiffness Community case definition: Neck stiffness (children under 15 years), high fever
Fever and neck stiffness Advise on: Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4) Routine vaccination if available (ECV action tool 24) Handwashing (ECV action tool 35) Coughing etiquette (ECV tool 26) Advise against overcrowding.
Cough and difficulty breathing Community health definition: Cough and difficulty breathing. Can start with fever, runny nose, tiredness, headache, feeling unwell
Cough and difficulty breathing Advise on: Encourage social distance (ECV action tool 28) Explain importance of handwashing (ECV action tool 35) Refer to health facility if difficult breathing (ECV action tool 4)
Fever and painful throat Community case definition: High fever, very painful sore throat, difficulty breathing/ swallowing and/or swollen throat
Fever and painful throat Advise on: Encourage social distance (ECV action tool 28) Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4) Advise on vaccination where this is available (ECV action tool 24) Provide home care for fever (sponging) (ECV action tool 12)
Acute flaccid paralysis Community case defintion: Child under 15 suddenly paralysed - Legs or arms are weak and floppy, the person is suddenly unable to walk or crawl (not due to an accident)
Acute flaccid paralysis Advise on: Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4) Handwashing (ECV action tool 35) Safe water (ECV action tool 30) Use of appropriate sanitation facilities (ECV action tool 32) Vaccination (ECV action tool 24)
Painful swelling under the arms and groin Community case definition: Any person with painful swelling under the arms or in the groin area.
Painful swelling under the arms and groin Advise on: Encourage community cleaning to avoid rodents and fleas close to households (ECV action tool 32) Refer to health facility (ECV action tool 4)
Acute malnutrition Community case definition: Red or yellow score on MUAC screening (MUAC <125mm)
Acute malnutrition Advise on: Refer malnourished children to health facility or nutrition facility immediately (ECV action tool 4) Promote vitamin A Advise on handwashing (ECV action tool 35)
Cluster of unusual illnesses or deaths in people Community case definition: Cluster of people (3+) suddenly sick or died with the same signs of illness
Cluster of unusual illnesses or deaths in people Advise on: Social distance (ECV action tool 28) Handwashing (ECV action tool 35) Note the types of symptoms and inform the health facility Refer sick people to health facilities (ECV action tool 4)
Unusual event Community case definition: Anything happening in the community that is unusual and seem to pose a risk or causing concern in the community
Note to facilitator: in this health risk/event should you og back to the list made in session 3 (VCA), and use the information found to discuss what is unusual events in the local context.
Unusual event Advise on: Listen to notifications from authorities Assist people to stay safe Use evacuation centres if available Send updates to your supervisor.
Animal with aggressive unusual behaviour Community case definition: Aggressive, possibly trying to bite everything, people, other animals or objects. AND, 2 + of the following: Excessive uncontrolled hyperactivity, or seizures A lot of saliva, uncontrolled drooling Fear of light or fear of water stay hidden.
Advise on: Stay clear from the affected animal. Provide first aid to people - wash wounds, bites, scratches for 15 minutes with soapy water. Refer to health facility if injured. (ECV action tool 4)
Animal deaths with unusual bleeding Sudden deaths of animals with unexplained bleeding from gums, eyes, nose or anus, or blood in stools or vomit.
Animal deaths with unusual bleeding Advise on: Promote protective gear for farmers Isolate sick animals Notify veterinary officials. Advise communities to cook all meats and animal products very well. Advise against eating animals which have died with illness
