Exploring Extended Uses of the Quotative Verb "ge" in Khalkha Mongolian
This research delves into the extended uses of the quotative verb "ge" in Khalkha Mongolian through evidence from corpora, sentence data, and elicitation methods. It highlights various types of functions such as minimal extensions, topicalization, clause connection, additive focus with "gese," intention-related uses, and sentence-final stance. The study examines how "ge" is employed in accommodating speech, thoughts, and ideophones, showcasing its versatility in different contexts.
Uploaded on Dec 13, 2024 | 0 Views
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
Extended uses of the quotative verb ge- in Khalkha Mongolian Benjamin Brosig
Evidence: corpora and sentence data Spoken Corpus: ~135.000 words, ~3850 tokens unscripted TV (6 hours) & free conversation (12 hours) text, PRAAT Internet Corpus: ~34.500.000 words text Elicitation: Stimulus: less frequent patterns fro Spoken Corpus Time: ~120 hours (contrastive) + ~30 hours (classificatory) Method: Contrastive, with secondarily constructed minimal pairs
Frequency of ge-based words from different morphological classes in the Spoken Corpus 2500 2 forms (complete) 4 forms (complete) 4 forms (complete) 2000 11 forms 4 forms 2 forms ge- 1500 1000 ge-deg ge-ed 500 ge-se ge-n=ee 0 linking converbs specialized converbs declarative finite verbs imperative finite verbs participles other other ge-ed ge- (CVB) ge- (?) ge-se en ge-xdee ge-n(=ee) ge-se ge-deg
Types of extended functions 1. Minimal extensions 2. Topicalization & clause connection 3. Additive focus = gese 4. Intention-related uses 5. Sentence-final stance 6. Miscallenous
1. Minimal extensions : accommodating names, thoughts and ideophones
1. Accommodating speech or thoughts to different verbs (1) {aw- take-cvb give-pot [He] said [he] will buy it. (2) bii tAn-iig 1sg 2sg.hon-acc fuck.off-imp qv-cvb say-res.ptcp=neg I didn`t tell you to fuck off. (3) ter-iig= in {em_si_es-ii -x} ge- that-acc=stc MCS-gen-nmlz [I] was thinking of it that [it] belongs to MCS.` g- n} ge-n=ee. qv-pot=emph {zail- } ge- xel-ee=g . bod-ood bai-sii= d. qv-cvb think-cvb aux-est.pst=dp
1. Accommodating ideophones: ge- > xii- > (4) Pad ge-ed naa- ix-an. ideo qv-cvb stick-compl-pot 'It will stick SAYING pad.' (5) ca aa _baaw ai=maan usan-d pal polar_bear=1POSS water-DAT IDEO do-CVB fall-CVB end-FUT.PTCP DP [Then, if the climate keeps on warming up, the ice will melt, and] the icebear will fall into the water making pal and perish. xii- un-aad duus-ax bilee. (6) tawa x -iig joloo . five person-acc just ideo together-ins=3poss cut.off-cvb discard-prf.ptcp one driver 'a driver who had just killed five people d g d g d g in one go [hitting them in short succession]' z geer d g d g d g ta r-aar=an xus-aad xay-ca neg
linking converbs finite verbs specialized converbs 1. Naming & metalinguistic reference participles Predicative yes yes yes - Attributive yes yes - - ge-xed, ge- x(l)eer etc. Nominative ge-deg yes - (7) [x m s]nam-aig insanaa ge-deg. people 1SG-ACCNAME [People] call me Chinsanaa. --> My name is Chinsanaa. (8) ger-t=ee xar -ix zam ge-deg QV-HAB.PTCP duu yurt-DAT=RPOSS the song called The way home (9) naiz_zaluuge-xeer boyfriend QV-CVB.EXPLANANDUM awful long COP-IM.PRSMP=DP [By/When saying] naiz zaluuboyfriend , [it] is [an] awfully long [word], isn t it. return-NPST.PTCP way QV-HAB.PTCP song/sound aaimaar urt bai- aa biz=dee.
2. Naming, topicalization and clause connection
2. Basics of topicalization vs. clause connection In certain contexts, the stem ge- becomes devoid of meaning. This leaves its complement alongside with the connective function of its suffixes. A (non-predicative) NP complement becomes topicalized (with specific sub-meanings). A clausal complement gets connected to the subsequent clause. Next to the suffix of ge-, the complement clause ending may influence how the link between the two clauses is interpreted semantically. Ambiguity is common. For a given construction or context, native speakers may assume actual speech always / sometimes / never.
2. Interrogative quote (10) and topic [caseless] (11) (10) yaa aad ge-wel en-iig (...) tarx-aa-x=g i why QV-COND.CVB this-ACC spread-CAUS-FUT.PTCP=NEG bai-x b re bolom bai- aa= dee. COP-FUT.PTCP full possibility COP-EST.PRES=DP [Parents should be aware that these skin (...) illnesses also affect babies.] If one says why, [it is because] the possibility to not spread these [diseases] fully exists.' (11) min-ii am'darl-ii zar im gewel odoo ma engii . 1SG-GEN life-GEN principle TOP now very conventional '(If I state) my life's principle(,) now (it) is very simple.'
2. Condition that plausibly involves speech (3) or more likely not (4) (12) lekc un -in ge-wel nad-aa bol bair bai- aa. lection read-POTQV-COND.CVB 1SG.DATTOP flat COP-EST.PRES 'If you say: I will present lectures , then I have a place.' 'If [you] WANT to present lectures, I have a suitable place. (13) namxa bai- dal gewel tar a = dee. small.sized COP-CVB seventy if fat=DP 'If [somebody] is small-sized and is at 70 [kg], [s/he] is fat.'
2. Clause connector (14) > Text-level connector (15) (14) aynaa-d i (...) zeel aw-laa ge.x.ed i r-t i. China-DAT 2SG credit take-IMM.DIR.PSTCONJ:ADVERS 2SGDEPT-COM '[OK,] you would have taken a credit from China, but you would have debts.' (15) ge.x.d.ee oyuuta bai-x oy tee? but student COP-FUT.PTCP nice TAG 'But [inspite of all the problems you mentioned] being a student is nice, right?'
2. Simple forms & functions: Converbs Sentence adverbial Additional uses Suffix meaning Combined meaning Conjunction Predicate Topic YES ge- g t successive temporal order of events YES ge-snee successsive/overlap YES ARGUABLY ge-seer continuative (literary) ge-w concessive (rare) YES adversative- concessive YES > gexed ge-xdee temporal (~-xd) ge-tel terminative-contrastive circumstance YES YES YES YES YES YES ge-xed temporal circumstance YES? YES YES ge-wel conditional YES YES YES ge-xleer compulsory consequence explanandum ge-xeer YES YES YES ARGUABLY substitutive, comp.cons., telic ge-ed succ/continuative/perf YES YES YES YES temporal order of events; duration of relevance? ge- succ/simultaneous YES YES YES YES
2. The topicalizing use of ge-deg and ge- (16) nd r nasla-n ge-deg saixa ! tall age-POTNMLZ/TOP beautiful DP 'Getting very old is beautiful!' only this participle usable here (17) yooo, boorcog interj fried.dough do-pot qv-cvb hell-com Gosh, preparing boortsogs is hellish. rarely found without need for nominalization or some sort of existential predicate xii-n ge- tam-tai.
3. Additive focus and a second concessive marking
3. = ge-se = and =l are additive-contrastive and restrictive focus clitics, respectively, which are used in phrase-final position and for clause connection. ge-se is a participle and would normally be used attributively and predicatively. But when following = , it shows up in phrase-and clause-final positions instead. It is diachronically mysterious how this collocution came about. Semantically, ge-se seems to restrict the meaning of = , though the precise mechanisms still have to be delimited.
3. Umambiguous additive focus (18) ( ) deegii-gii = ge-se z w. NAME-GEN=ADD.FOCQV-PRF.PTCP right Deegii is right, too. (18 ) ( ) deegii-gii = z w. 1. Deegii is right, too. 2. Deegii, in particular, is right. (additive-contrative) (additive-contrative) (contrastive)
3. Both concessive, but = ge-se refers to concrete situation (as if mentioned) (19) zawg i= busy=ADD.FOC New_Year-INS enter-CVB exit-CVBAUX-CVB(when) Even though [she] is busy [in general], when [she] was dropping in and out during New Year, (19 ) zawg i= ge-se ca aa _sar-aar or- ar- bai-xad Even though [she] was busy [at that time], when [she] was dropping in and out during New Year, ca aa _sar-aar or- ar- bai-xad
4. Intention-related uses, prospectivity, and causal clause connection
4. Internal awareness: intention(1) SUBJ(1PERS) VERB.STEM- -x ge- -TAME(NON-FUTURE) -FUT.PTCPQV- ----------------- intention
4. Grammaticalized use: intention(1) (20) aan tii , odoo xar i o -ok-s=iin. ah so now but go.there-FUT.PTCP.QV-EST.PST=ASS 'Ah, yes, but now I want to go there.' (21) yag lagar-t precisely summer.camp-DAT come-CVB sleep-FUT.PTCPQV-CVB(log.prem) 'Just now that I have arrived at the summer camp and want to sleep ...' y r s noir x rexg i. '... I cannot find any sleep at all.' ir-eed unt-ax ge-xeer
4. Internal awareness: intention(2) VERB.STEM- -x ge- -LINKING.CONVERBVERB(DYNAMIC,VOLITIONAL) -FUT.PTCPQV- ----------------- intention
4. Grammaticalized use: intention(2) (22) gerel at-caa light burn-COMPL.EST.PST gerel asaa-x=ka-ad light light(V.TR)-FUT.PTCP=QV-CVB go-PROG-DIR.PRES 'Because the light has burnt out, SUBJ is going [over] to turn the light on [again].' ge-se - in QV-CVB(because) yaw- ii-n. (23) bii (...) x -d xii-lg-ex ge-ed g-s baixkuuy . 1SG person-DAT do-CAUS-FUT.PTCPQV-CVB give-EST.PSTDP 'I gave it to somebody to let [them] do it.'
4. Internal awareness: prospectivity VERB.STEM- -x ge- -LINKING.CONVERBbai- -SUFFIX -FUT.PTCPQV- AUX- ----------------- intention -------------------------------------------------- prospective
4. Grammaticalized use: prospectivity (24) naiz-iin-d=aa o -o xon-ox ge- bai-n. friend-GEN-DAT=RPOSS go.to-CVB stay.overnight-FUT.PTCPQV-CVBCOP-DIR.PRES 'I'm about to go to my friend and stay there overnight.' (25) xaranxui bol-ox=k- ii-n. dark become-FUT.PTCP=QV-PROG-DIR.PRES 'It is about to become dark.'
4. Conventionalized use: reason (26) odoo xo -so ge-ed ayg i setgel amar-sa , te? now win-EST.PSTQV-CVB fairly mind rest-EST.PST, TAG 'Now, saying [I] won , you've put your mind quite at rest, right?' 'Now, since you've won, you've put your mind quite at rest, right?' (27) aaw oroi a il [deer] x -tei uulz-an ge-ed ar-sa baix. father evening work at person-COM meet-POTQV-CVB exit-EST.PSTMP 'Father has probably left to meet somebody at work tonight.'
4. Rare use with noun phrases: underspecified (reason, cause, benefactive) uses (28) Khalkha, early 20th century (Ramstedt & Halen 1973) nam- ig ge-d olo saen ere da da xe-d ae -na 1SG-ACCQV-CVB many good man always die-PROG-DIR.PRES 'Because of me, 'For [protecting] me, many good men are always dying.' 'For [obtaining] me, (29) Yaa- am-aig ge-se min-ii xair-iig zol'oos bol -o ad-a bainaa! 2SG-ACCQV-PRF.PTCP 1SG-GEN love 'How can you sacrifice my love for you?'
5. Sentence-final intersubjective stance particles
Two types of stance-expressing devices Some devices fulfill evaluative functions but still retain their original quotative or naming function. ge-se g 'it is a word that says > it means that': argumentative use (bol-w=uu [etc.]) ge-meer: epistemic, intersubjective evaluative use Other devices fulfill pure evaluative functions without quotative meaning. ge : doubtful question, doubt gee : addressee and speaker surprise -n genee: surprise and anger Only the latter might be analyzed as belonging to a word class of particles (on account that their meaning is no longer fully compositional), though functionally both a equally relevant.
5. ge-e: imperative > challenge > mirative (30) taa x r-eed ir- ge-e 2SG.HON reach-CVB come-IMPQV-IMP(IMPLORING) Tell her (I beg you): Come here! (31) tAw'a neg x r-(e)n ge-e . x r-ee=g = d. fifty one reach-POTQV-IMP(IMPLORING) reach-RES.PTCL=NEG=DP [A: Dorj is 51. ] B: Say he is reaching 51! He hasn t turned [51] yet. (32) man-uus yamar ewg i r -(n)d suu- ii-sa gee . exhortation to imagine 1PL-PL what unpleasant room-DAT sit-PROG-EST.PSTSFP Imagine what an unpleasant room we were sitting in! (33) en xog-ii uudai bod-son-oos=min' il zal'-tai=yum gee ! mirative this garbage-GEN sack think-PRF.PTCP-ABL=1POSS more trick-COM=ASSSFP [That was close! (...)] This bag of garbage is more cunning than I thought! imperative imperative + challenge (critique)
4. ge-=: inferential > speaker's surprise > addressee's surprise (34) A: And then the milktea was a bit salty, right? B: ter z geer bai-s=ii d. daws_ixtei ge- = ? that okay AUX-EST.PST=DP salty QV-INF.PST=Q 'It was alright. Did you really mean [< say ] it is/was salty?' inferential/surprised question (35) ene x d l-d g this move-HAB.PTCP QV-INF.PST=Q1 [upon seeing that it moved] 'It can move?!' ge- = . speaker's surprise upon realization, no speech involved (36) xamgii carai_muutai=n xe =be? ge-se = in, r= ge- = . unusual noteworty speech event most ugly=3POSS who=Q2 having_said self-RPOSSQV-INF.PST=Q1 'When I said Who is the ugliest among them? , she really said [you yourself] !'
5. -nge-n=ee: quote, overheard nonsense, mirative (37) bi tan-ii mereg liig awan, ezem i-n ge-n=ee. '[she] say[d]: I will acquire and master your profession. ' (38) Ranma: Bi amd x eer oilguulax xeregtei yum ig bain! 'It seems I have to make you understand it through force! Herb: x -eer gen=ee? Xax! Bitgii xa i yum yar'aad bai... force-INSQV-POT=EMPH 'Are you [really] saying by force ? Hah! Don't talk nonsense!' (39) i muu ... ecg-ii x=ee tuxai i ge yar'-[a]n ge-n=ee! 2SGbad father-GEN=RPOSSabout so speak-POTQV-POT=EMPH 'You bad ... How dare you talk to your father like this?'
6. Miscallenous stuff
6. 3rd person permissive suffix from ge-? (40) ir-eed aw- ge-[e] ! come-CVB take-IMPQV-IMP 'Tell her: Come here and bring it! ' (41) ir- aw-wul aw-ag! come-CVB take-COND.CVB take-3IMP [It's in Erka's car.] If s/he want to come and take it, then s/he may take it!'
6. r-ii ge-se (unkwown to addressee) vs. r-ii (42) bi- bi r-ii ge-se or-ox oro -toi bai-sa bol 1sg self-gen qv-prf.ptcp enter-fut.ptcp place-com aux-prf.ptcp if [No, no, I won't take you with me.] If I had a place of my own, [I would take you with me. But I don't have a place of my own.] Less likely to be produced without ge-se .
6. Enumeration with geed(=l)? (43) A: Xamgiin xol=on xaan-aas ir-se daich-id bai-n? Which is the furthest place from which soldiers have come? B: Bayan lgii. C: Bayan lgii, Uws, Zawxa ge-e=l b x aimg-aas=l bai-gaa. qv-cvb=lim.foc all province-abl=lim.foc aux-est.prs There are [soldiers here] from Bayan- lgii, Uvs, Zavkhan etc., from all provinces.
