Enhancing Satellite Network Links Performance through Cloud Attenuation Modelling
Cloud Attenuation Modelling for
Satellite Network Links
Performance Improvement
O. M. Adewusi, T. V. Omotosho, M. L. Akinyemi, O. O.
Ometan, S. A. Akinwunmi and A. A. Umar
FoSC 2017
Department of Physics
Lagos State University
Introduction
•
Scenario Illustration
Comparisons of The Foundation Cloud Models
Station Cloud Cover
Station Radiometric Data Acquisition and
Analysis
Cloud Attenuation Modelling
Conclusion
Future Work
References
O
O
U
U
T
T
L
L
I
I
N
N
E
E
Introduction -1
•
Observations show satellite services
unavailability in most of the tropical region as
southwest Nigeria is currently above the
allowed 1% outage percentage and the
tropical region cloud cover is averagely 70%,
[2, 3]. The percentage of cloud attenuation in
the total atmospheric hydrometeors'
attenuation effects is high, and moreover
cloud is more persistent in the tropical region.
Figure 1: Atmospheric Layers and Clouds (Bertrand, 2002).
Figure 2: Cloud Types and Classification (Warren and Hans, 2002)
Modulator
Demodulator
Indoor Unit
Figure 3.0: Schematic Station Hydrometeor Attenuation Measurement Set up
Introduction - 2
Low clouds – Stratus (St), Cumulus (C) Stratocumulus
(Sc), Cumulonimbus (Cb), and Nimbostratus (Ns)
have bases in the atmospheric boundary layer less
than 2km above the earth surface;
Middle or alto clouds – Altostratus (As), Altocumulus
(Ac) are clouds with bases 2 – 6km above the
surface;
High or cirro clouds – cirrus (Ci), cirrocumulus (Cc)
and cirrostratus (Cs) are clouds with bases between
6km above the surface and the tropopause [5] .
Introduction - 3
The effects of suspended water droplets (SWD)
and suspended ice crystal (SIC) which constitute
clouds are major concern in the design and
successful operation of satellite communication
system; at frequencies above 10GHz.
Thus, for low-availability satellite services such as
VSAT and USAT, at high frequencies, deep fades
may occur, particularly in the tropics, due to
higher probability of occurrence of cloud cover
[2, 3].
Introduction - 4
The general objective of cloud models (Table
1) is to accurately estimate cloud liquid water
amount for determination of amount of cloud
attenuation along a satellite earth-space
transmission path.
Numerous cloud models have been
independently developed over the last eight
decades based on Rayleigh scattering and Mie
absorption theories, using empirical data, [4].
Table 1:
A
Comparative List of the
Cloud Models.
Table 1:
A
Comparative List of the
Cloud Models (2/3).
Table 1:
A
Comparative List of the
Cloud Models (3/3).
The Station’s Cloud Cover
The cloud cover of a station is a graphical
relationship that shows the monthly variation
of the percentage of cloud amount on the
station’s sky dome, thus daily total cloud
amount need be accurately estimated by
visual method or by an efficient cloud
estimating instrument, and the monthly
average total is computed through each year.
The Station’s Cloud Cover -2
•
Cloud measurement method includes satellites
cloud observations on one hand and visual
measurement of cloud from the earth’s surface
stations on the other.
•
On the visual measurement, each assessment
view of the total amount of cloud entails
determination of cloud amount in cloud layers
between the cloud base and maximum vertical
distance visible for each of the four sky quadrants
during each of the fixed daily observation times.
The Station’s Cloud Cover -3
•
Table 2 shows typical weekly record of the
visual cloud data and Figure 4 shows the visual
cloud cover result for.
Table 2: Typical Visual Cloud Cover Weekly Record
FIGURE 4: OTA - CU CLOUD COVER
The Station’s Cloud Cover -4
•
In the satellite observations segment of cloud cover
determination for a station, radiance changes
measured by satellites are interpreted using climatic
models’ algorithms.
•
For the case study station satellites 3-D cloud data are
obtained from A- Train satellites, figure 5. Data from
CLOUDSAT, CERES, TERA-AQUA-MODIS, CALIPSO, SRB
and ISCCP satellites were downloaded and processed.
Analyses of each set of satellite data were carried out
and their output charts displayed in figure 6 are used
for corroborating the surface visual cloud cover result.
Figure 5: A – TRAIN SATELLITES
Figure 6: OTA [CU] CLOUD COVER AND THE CORROBORATING SATELLITES OVER IT
Station Radiometric Data Acquisition
•
In an observation station at least one radiometer
will be required for radiometric data collection,
and radiosonde data or satellite radiometric data
will be needed for corroboration.
•
In the Ota – CU station case study,
9103 Spectrum
Analyser is in use;
fifty - three years radiosonde
observations data was acquired, filtered and
extracted to obtain each cloud layer’s values for
the required primary parameters – pressure (hP
a
),
temperature (K) and calculated geopotential
height (m).
Figure 7: 9103 Spectrum Analyser Outdoor Unit
Figure 8: 9103 Spectrum Analyser Indoor Unit with PC
Station Radiometric Data Analysis
•
Attenuation distribution and statistics for each of
the eight listed cloud models were computed
from the processed radiosonde data.
•
The station logged spectrum analyser data (SPAD)
were extracted and analysed under two
conditions - rainy and non-rainy days, using the
climatological device’s monthly data for each
year.
•
Then all the processed data for three years were
integrated and the integrated data cumulative
distribution curve obtained.
Station Radiometric Data Analysis - 2
•
Each distribution curve is a result of raw data
processing using electronic spread sheet
programming to implement several layers of
required station conditions such as
geographic, climatic and spectra conditions.
The resulting cloud attenuation cumulative
distribution curves at 12.5 GHz for each of the
existing cloud models and that for the
spectrum analyser data (SPAD) were
compared in figure 9.
Figure 9: SPAD and Cloud Models Distribution Curves at 12.5 GHz
Cloud Attenuation Modelling
•
The SPAD integrated attenuation cumulative
distribution curve approximates a straight line
of slope - 0.31011 and intercepts 3.089 dB,
which appear as a resultant constructive
interference of some pairs of periodic
functions of comparable amplitudes. A
possible general mathematical representation
of these observations is equation (1):
A
c
(WL, θ, t, f) = f(x) = acos(x) + bsin(x) = Acos(x – α)
(1)
Cloud Attenuation Modelling - 2
•
where A = (a
2
+ b
2
)
1/2
and α = tan
-1
(b/a) in the
range 0 < α < π/2; considering the variables of
the cloud attenuation (A
c
) - cloud liquid water
content (WL) of each cloud layer series (CLS) and
their temperature (t); angle of elevation (θ) and
frequency (f) of propagating radio signals; x is
considered to be cloud layer specific attenuation
coefficient (K
L
) defined in the International
Telecommunication Union Recommendation
(ITU-R) P.840 – 4, corresponding to the frequency
function g(f) in the Salonen – Uppala procedure
[6].
Cloud Attenuation Modelling - 3
Cloud Attenuation Modelling - 4
•
Situations of constants and constant variable
parameters of the equation having more than
one possible form or value are resolved by
generating the distribution and chart
corresponding to each of the most probable
options. The option whose chart is closest to
that of the station measured data distribution
(SPAD) is taken.
Cloud Attenuation Modelling - 5
•
Then the proposed model i.e. equation (2) is
tested by comparing its performance with
those of the standard cloud models at the
station as shown in Figures 10 – 14.
Figure 10: Cloud Attenuation Models Distribution Curves at 12.5 GHz
FIGURE 11: OTA – CU CLOUD MODEL Vs FOUNDATION MODELS AT 12 GHz
FIGURE 12: OTA – CU CLOUD MODEL Vs FOUNDATION MODELS AT 14 GHz
FIGURE 13: OTA – CU CLOUD MODEL Vs FOUNDATION MODELS AT 20 GHz
FIGURE 14: OTA – CU CLOUD MODEL Vs FOUNDATION MODELS AT 30 GHz
Cloud Attenuation Modelling - 6
•
Hence equation (2) represents the cloud
attenuation model for the station having
shown considerable geometric pattern
agreement with the foundation models at
various frequencies.
Future Work
Radiometric measurements, cloud visual data
and climatological data acquisition need to start
and continue in every climatic zone of Nigeria, i.e.
about every state of the federation, particularly in
high tele-density areas as Lagos state, to enable
development of relevant hydrometeors’ models
and corresponding cloud attenuation statistics.
However, a single global satellite based climatic
model is desirable, where modular algorithm
would be used to integrate the various climatic
zones models.
References
[1]
Das S, Chakraborty S and Maitra A, (2013): Radiometric
measurements of
cloud attenuation at a tropical location in India;
Journal of
Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, (105-106): 97-100.
[2]
Eva R I, Gustavo A S, Jose M R, and Pedro G P, (2015): Atmospheric
Attenuation in Wireless Communication Systems at Millimeter and
THz
Frequencies; IEE Antenna and Propagation Magazine, 57 (1): 48-
61.
[3]
Omotosho T V, Mandeep J S and Mardina A, (2013): Cloud
Attenuation
Studies of the Six Major Climatic Zones of Africa for Ka
and V
Satellite System Design; Annals of Geophysics; 56 (6): 1-2.
[4]
Gerace G C and Smith E K, (1990): A Comparison of Cloud Models;
IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine.
[5]
Warren, S. G. and Hahn, C. J. (2002): Climatology; Encyclopedia of
Atmospheric Sciences, Academic Press.
[6]
Salonen, E. and Uppala, S. (1991): New prediction method of cloud
attenuation;
Electron, Lett
27,
1106-1108.
T H A N K S
This paper discusses the impact of cloud attenuation on satellite network links in tropical regions like southwest Nigeria with high cloud cover percentages. The study focuses on improving satellite communication system design and operation by analyzing cloud effects and proposing modelling techniques for performance enhancement.
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Cloud Attenuation Modelling for Satellite Network Links Performance Improvement O. M. Adewusi, T. V. Omotosho, M. L. Akinyemi, O. O. Ometan, S. A. Akinwunmi and A. A. Umar FoSC 2017 Department of Physics Lagos State University
OUTLINE OUTLINE Introduction Scenario Illustration Comparisons of The Foundation Cloud Models Station Cloud Cover Station Radiometric Data Acquisition and Analysis Cloud Attenuation Modelling Conclusion Future Work References
Introduction -1 Observations unavailability in most of the tropical region as southwest Nigeria is currently above the allowed 1% outage percentage and the tropical region cloud cover is averagely 70%, [2, 3]. The percentage of cloud attenuation in the total atmospheric attenuation effects is high, and moreover cloud is more persistent in the tropical region. show satellite services hydrometeors'
Figure 2: Cloud Types and Classification (Warren and Hans, 2002)
Satellite (E.g. ASTRA) Cloud Earth Satellite Antenna Concrete floor MModulato Modulator Demodulator High Power Amplifier Up Code Converter A/D Down Code Converter Low Noise Amplifier D/A Demodulator Indoor Unit Figure 3.0: Schematic Station Hydrometeor Attenuation Measurement Set up
Introduction - 2 Low clouds Stratus (St), Cumulus (C) Stratocumulus (Sc), Cumulonimbus (Cb), and Nimbostratus (Ns) have bases in the atmospheric boundary layer less than 2km above the earth surface; Middle or alto clouds Altostratus (As), Altocumulus (Ac) are clouds with bases 2 6km above the surface; High or cirro clouds cirrus (Ci), cirrocumulus (Cc) and cirrostratus (Cs) are clouds with bases between 6km above the surface and the tropopause [5] .
Introduction - 3 The effects of suspended water droplets (SWD) and suspended ice crystal (SIC) which constitute clouds are major concern in the design and successful operation of satellite communication system; at frequencies above 10GHz. Thus, for low-availability satellite services such as VSAT and USAT, at high frequencies, deep fades may occur, particularly in the tropics, due to higher probability of occurrence of cloud cover [2, 3].
Introduction - 4 The general objective of cloud models (Table 1) is to accurately estimate cloud liquid water amount for determination of amount of cloud attenuation along a satellite earth-space transmission path. Numerous cloud models have been independently developed over the last eight decades based on Rayleigh scattering and Mie absorption theories, using empirical data, [4].
Table 1:AComparative List of the Cloud Models. Model Name Gun and East (1954) Model Algorithm and Parameters Limitations = 0.4343 [6 / ( a )]Im [-( -1)/( +2)] 1 = Attenuation coefficient (dB / Km), a= density of water (g / cm-3) 1 = liquid water content of the cloud, = wavelength (cm) of incident signal Im = imaginary part of , = complex relative dielectric constant of water Staelin (1966) Valid for 10GHz to 37.5GHz = 1 [10^ (0.0122(291-T) - 6)] / ^2 ? = ?????????????????????? (?? 1) , 1 = liquid water content of the cloud (g/m3) T = temperature (K) , ? = wavelength (cm) of incident signal. Slobin (1982) Valid for 10GHz to 50GHz =4.343 1 [10^ (0.0122(291-T) -1)] 1.16 / ^2 ? = ?????????????????????? (??/??), 1 = liquid water content of the cloud T = temperature (K), ? = wavelength of incident signal
Table 1:AComparative List of the Cloud Models (2/3). Altshuler and Marr (1989) Valid between 15GHz to 100GHz. Assume 10 nominal cloud temperature Temperature limit: 10 10 frequency range 100GHz and above. ?.??? ??.?? ??.?+ ? ??? ? , for ?>8o A= ?.????+?.??????+ = {[(ae+ he) ^2 ae^2 Cos^2 ( )] ^ (1/2) aeSin ( )}, for 8 A = Attenuation (dB), ? = wavelength of incident signal, ? = surface absolute humidity , ? = elevation angle, ae = 8,497Km and he = (6.35 0.302 )Km o oC as b Liebe et al. (1989) = 1a? oC) + 273.15] 0C and ?=?????????????????????????? = 300/ [T ( = Attenuation coefficient (dB / Km), 1 = liquid water content of the cloud (g/m variable constants for different frequency ranges. 3), ? and ? are
Table 1:AComparative List of the Cloud Models (3/3). w (t, h) = wo exp(ct) [(h - hb) / hr ] Salonen (1990) WL (t, h) = W (t, h) Pw(t) ; W (t, h) = W (t, h) [1- Pw (t)] Where: Pw (t) = 1 + t/20, if -20 wo= 0.17 g/m 1, if 0 < t oC < t < 0 if t < -20 oC oC 0, -1 -3 and c = 0.04 Salonen and Uppala (1991) ITU-RP (2013) ?.???? ?"(?+??)????(?) ? ???? ?? ? = AL(P) = Slant Path Attenuation, P = Probability (%), ? = (2+? )?" ' and " are the real and imaginary parts of liquid water permitivity at O ??= ??? (dB/km) and ??= ? = ???/???? ??, ??? ? ?? L = total columnar content of cloud liquid water ? = Elevation angle; ??= specific attenuation coefficient. oC. 0.819? ?"(1+?2) dB/ km (g/m 3) -1
The Stations Cloud Cover The cloud cover of a station is a graphical relationship that shows the monthly variation of the percentage of cloud amount on the station s sky dome, thus daily total cloud amount need be accurately estimated by visual method or by an efficient cloud estimating instrument, and the monthly average total is computed through each year.
The Stations Cloud Cover -2 Cloud measurement method includes satellites cloud observations on one hand and visual measurement of cloud from the earth s surface stations on the other. On the visual measurement, each assessment view of the total amount of cloud entails determination of cloud amount in cloud layers between the cloud base and maximum vertical distance visible for each of the four sky quadrants during each of the fixed daily observation times.
The Stations Cloud Cover -3 Table 2 shows typical weekly record of the visual cloud data and Figure 4 shows the visual cloud cover result for. Table 2: Typical Visual Cloud Cover Weekly Record EAST (%) . . . . . . . NORTH (%) TCTP AVG. . . . . . . . 23.75 . . . . . . . 23.75 . . . . . . . 23.75 . . . . . . . 21.75 . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. AVG. TOTAL E S W N DATE 1-Aug 24 23.5 23.5 23 23.25 93.5 Ns ; Sc Ns ; Sc Ns ; Sc Ns ; Sc 2-Aug 24 23.5 24 24 24 95 Ns ; Ns, ScNs ; Ns, ScNs ; Ns, ScNs, Cu ; Ns, Sc 3-Aug 23.5 24 23.5 23.5 23.5 94.5 Ns ; Ns, Ns ; Ns, Ns ; Ns, Ns ; Ns, 4-Aug 23 20.5 23 22.5 22.75 90 Sc, Ns ;ScSc, ;Sc Sc, ;Sc, Ns Sc, ;Sc 5-Aug 21 23 21.5 23.5 22.5 88 St, ;Sc St, ;Sc St, Ac ; ScSt, Ac ; Sc
The Stations Cloud Cover -4 In the satellite observations segment of cloud cover determination for a station, radiance changes measured by satellites are interpreted using climatic models algorithms. For the case study station satellites 3-D cloud data are obtained from A- Train satellites, figure 5. Data from CLOUDSAT, CERES, TERA-AQUA-MODIS, CALIPSO, SRB and ISCCP satellites were downloaded and processed. Analyses of each set of satellite data were carried out and their output charts displayed in figure 6 are used for corroborating the surface visual cloud cover result.
Figure 6: OTA [CU] CLOUD COVER AND THE CORROBORATING SATELLITES OVER IT
Station Radiometric Data Acquisition In an observation station at least one radiometer will be required for radiometric data collection, and radiosonde data or satellite radiometric data will be needed for corroboration. In the Ota CU station case study, 9103 Spectrum Analyser is in use; fifty - three years radiosonde observations data was acquired, filtered and extracted to obtain each cloud layer s values for the required primary parameters pressure (hPa), temperature (K) and calculated geopotential height (m).
Station Radiometric Data Analysis Attenuation distribution and statistics for each of the eight listed cloud models were computed from the processed radiosonde data. The station logged spectrum analyser data (SPAD) were extracted and analysed under two conditions - rainy and non-rainy days, using the climatological device s monthly data for each year. Then all the processed data for three years were integrated and the integrated data cumulative distribution curve obtained.
Station Radiometric Data Analysis - 2 Each distribution curve is a result of raw data processing using electronic spread sheet programming to implement several layers of required station conditions geographic, climatic and spectra conditions. The resulting cloud attenuation cumulative distribution curves at 12.5 GHz for each of the existing cloud models and that for the spectrum analyser compared in figure 9. such as data (SPAD) were
Figure 9: SPAD and Cloud Models Distribution Curves at 12.5 GHz
Cloud Attenuation Modelling The SPAD integrated attenuation cumulative distribution curve approximates a straight line of slope - 0.31011 and intercepts 3.089 dB, which appear as a resultant constructive interference of some pairs of periodic functions of comparable amplitudes. A possible general mathematical representation of these observations is equation (1): Ac(WL, , t, f) = f(x) = acos(x) + bsin(x) = Acos(x ) (1)
Cloud Attenuation Modelling - 2 where A = (a2 + b2)1/2and = tan-1(b/a) in the range 0 < < /2; considering the variables of the cloud attenuation (Ac) - cloud liquid water content (WL) of each cloud layer series (CLS) and their temperature (t); angle of elevation ( ) and frequency (f) of propagating radio signals; x is considered to be cloud layer specific attenuation coefficient (KL) defined in the International Telecommunication Union Recommendation (ITU-R) P.840 4, corresponding to the frequency function g(f) in the Salonen Uppala procedure [6].
Cloud Attenuation Modelling - 3 Considering the relatively gentle slope of the SPAD line, the range of x should be 0 to rather than 0 to /2, and using the straight line analogue, a = - 0.31011, b = 3.089 dB, as directly measured from the graph; A = 3.08915 and = - 1.560796 by computation; hence the equation (1) becomes: Ac = 3.08915WLCOS ((0.5KL) + 1.560796) 0 KL (2)
Cloud Attenuation Modelling - 4 Situations of constants and constant variable parameters of the equation having more than one possible form or value are resolved by generating the distribution corresponding to each of the most probable options. The option whose chart is closest to that of the station measured data distribution (SPAD) is taken. and chart
Cloud Attenuation Modelling - 5 Then the proposed model i.e. equation (2) is tested by comparing its performance with those of the standard cloud models at the station as shown in Figures 10 14.
Figure 10: Cloud Attenuation Models Distribution Curves at 12.5 GHz
FIGURE 11: OTA CU CLOUD MODEL Vs FOUNDATION MODELS AT 12 GHz
FIGURE 12: OTA CU CLOUD MODEL Vs FOUNDATION MODELS AT 14 GHz
FIGURE 13: OTA CU CLOUD MODEL Vs FOUNDATION MODELS AT 20 GHz
FIGURE 14: OTA CU CLOUD MODEL Vs FOUNDATION MODELS AT 30 GHz
Cloud Attenuation Modelling - 6 Hence equation (2) represents the cloud attenuation model for the station having shown considerable agreement with the foundation models at various frequencies. geometric pattern
Future Work Radiometric measurements, cloud visual data and climatological data acquisition need to start and continue in every climatic zone of Nigeria, i.e. about every state of the federation, particularly in high tele-density areas as Lagos state, to enable development of relevant hydrometeors models and corresponding cloud attenuation statistics. However, a single global satellite based climatic model is desirable, where modular algorithm would be used to integrate the various climatic zones models.
References [1] Das S, Chakraborty S and Maitra A, (2013): Radiometric cloud attenuation at a tropical location in India; Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, (105-106): 97-100. Eva R I, Gustavo A S, Jose M R, and Pedro G P, (2015): Atmospheric Attenuation in Wireless Communication Systems at Millimeter and THz Frequencies; IEE Antenna and Propagation Magazine, 57 (1): 48- Omotosho T V, Mandeep J S and Mardina A, (2013): Cloud Attenuation Studies of the Six Major Climatic Zones of Africa for Ka Satellite System Design; Annals of Geophysics; 56 (6): 1-2. Gerace G C and Smith E K, (1990): A Comparison of Cloud Models; Antennas and Propagation Magazine. Warren, S. G. and Hahn, C. J. (2002): Climatology; Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Academic Press. Salonen, E. and Uppala, S. (1991): New prediction method of cloud attenuation; Electron, Lett 27, measurements of [2] 61. [3] and V [4] IEEE [5] [6] 1106-1108.
