Effective Use of Quoting and Paraphrasing in Academic Writing
Quoting, Paraphrasing
•
Using sources in a credible manner requires good quoting
and paraphrasing skills
•
Deciding when to use a quote and when to use
paraphrasing depends on your audience and purpose
•
In addition, there are other criteria we should apply when
making these rhetorical decisions
Quoting
•
Quotations should be used sparingly and only if you
could not possibly paraphrase it
•
The language or sentence structure should be striking
•
That is, do not convey straight information in a quotation:
Professor Dinkledorf stated, “URI is a university in
Kingston, Rhode Island”
•
Effectiveness test—after you write your essay, check your
quotations, make sure a paraphrase would not be preferable
(usually the case)
Quoting mechanics
•
To help with the credibility of your texts, effective writers
say who said the quotation IN THE SAME SENTENCE
AS THE QUOTATION!!!!! This is called the
“attribution.”
•
You can do it in the beginning, middle, or end
•
“URI is a school that invests heavily in science.”
Quoting
•
It’s also a very good idea to include the credentials of the
speaker in your attribution (again, to give your work
ethos)—compare:
•
Tom Insel states, “Mood disorders are a significant
problem.”
•
Dr. Tom Insel, director of the National Institute on Mental
Health, states: “How can we ensure that less than 100
years from now schizophrenia, mood disorders, and
autism will join the ranks of leprosy, syphilis, and
tuberculosis?”
Quoting
•
Effective writers also provide introductions/context for
your quotations.
•
As Jenn Webb and Sam Byrnand state, zombies reveal the
consequences of the global spread of capitalism: “In a
system that comprises tentacles of trade and exchange
crisscrossing the globe, promising rewards to those who
serve the capitalist system, [there is a] blurring of need and
desire that turns us all into mindless consumers.”
•
Important note: all parts of your quotation must be
relevant to the point you are making and cannot stray into
other territory.
Quoting: verbs
•
There are lots of signal verbs to use for attributions, such
as acknowledges, admits, suggests, notes, claims, and so
on. Here’s a link with more examples:
https://www.oakland.edu/Assets/upload/docs/OUWC/Pre
sentations&Workshops/Rhetorically-Accurate-Verbs.pdf
•
Use present tense in your attribution
Paraphrasing
•
You must use your own words
•
You must use your own sentence structure
Paraphrasing
•
Original:
Conversation, like daily living, requires you to
exhibit a considerable trust in others.
•
Plan to have a talk with the dean and fail the assignment and
possibly the course if you do it like this:
Conversation, like
everyday life, requires you to show your trust in others.
•
Plan to be successful on the assignment if you do this:
Ronald Wardhaugh compares conversation to everyday life
because it requires people to trust one another (5).
Things that could lead to
a charge of plagiarism
•
Failure to use quotation marks around a direct quote
•
Failure to use an in-text citation with either a direct quote
or a paraphrase
•
Paraphrasing too closely
•
It doesn’t matter is you plagiarize intentionally or by
mistake. Both constitute plagiarism.
Activity: paraphrase 1 par.; select one
quotation
•
It's not easy to put your finger on what's appealing about
zombies
. Vampires you
can understand. They're good-looking and sophisticated and well dressed. They're
immortal. Some of them have castles. You can imagine wanting to be a vampire
or at least wanting to sleep with one. Nobody wants to sleep with
zombies
.
They're hideous and mindless. They don't have superpowers. Their only assets are
their infectiousness, single-minded perseverance and virtual unkillability.
•
Of all monsters, vampires and zombies seem to be the trendiest—the most
regularly incarnate of the undead and the monsters most frequently represented in
the media and pop culture. Moreover, both figures have experienced radical
reinterpretations. If in the past vampires were evil, blood-sucking exploiters and
zombies were brainless victims, they now have metamorphosed into kinder and
gentler blood-sucking vampires and crueler, more relentless, flesh-eating
zombies.
•
Every zombie war is a . . . a numbers game. And it’s more repetitive than
complex. In other words, zombie killing is philosophically similar to reading and
deleting 400 work e-mails on a Monday morning or filling out paperwork that
only generates more paperwork, or following Twitter gossip out of obligation, or
performing tedious tasks in which the only true risk is being consumed by the
avalanche. The principal downside to any zombie attack is that the zombies will
never stop coming; the principal downside to life is that you will be never be
finished with whatever it is you do.
Citations
•
Zombie Paraphrase Source 1
•
Title: Zombies are the New Vampires
•
Author: Lev Grossman
•
Author’s Credentials: book critic and lead technology writer at
Time
magazine
•
Publication Date: 2009
•
Publisher: Time
•
Page: 9
•
Zombie Paraphrase Source 2
•
Title: Vampires and Zombies: Transcultural Migrations and Transnational Interpretations
•
Author: Dorothea Fischer-Hornung
•
Author’s Credentials: Dorothea Fischer-Hornung is a senior lecturer at the Heidelberg Center for American
Studies
•
Publication Date: 2016
•
Publisher: University Press of Mississippi
•
Place of Publication: Jackson, MI
•
Page: 3
•
Zombie Paraphrase Source 3
•
Title: My Zombie, Myself: Why Modern Life Feels Rather Undead
•
Author:
Chuck Klosterman
•
Author’s Credentials: American author and essayist
•
Publication Date: Dec. 3, 2010
•
Publisher: The New York Times
•
Place of Publication: Online article
Your Article
Paraphrase a few sentences, then select a quotation.
Learning when to quote and when to paraphrase in academic writing is crucial for credibility. Quotations should be used sparingly, with attribution and relevant introductions. Signal verbs like acknowledges, claims, and more enhance attribution. Citing sources effectively adds credibility to your work.
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Presentation Transcript
Using sources in a credible manner requires good quoting and paraphrasing skills Deciding when to use a quote and when to use paraphrasing depends on your audience and purpose In addition, there are other criteria we should apply when making these rhetorical decisions Quoting, Paraphrasing
Quotations should be used sparingly and only if you could not possibly paraphrase it The language or sentence structure should be striking That is, do not convey straight information in a quotation: Professor Dinkledorf stated, URI is a university in Kingston, Rhode Island Effectiveness test after you write your essay, check your quotations, make sure a paraphrase would not be preferable (usually the case) Quoting
To help with the credibility of your texts, effective writers say who said the quotation IN THE SAME SENTENCE AS THE QUOTATION!!!!! This is called the attribution. You can do it in the beginning, middle, or end URI is a school that invests heavily in science. Quoting mechanics
Its also a very good idea to include the credentials of the speaker in your attribution (again, to give your work ethos) compare: Tom Insel states, Mood disorders are a significant problem. Dr. Tom Insel, director of the National Institute on Mental Health, states: How can we ensure that less than 100 years from now schizophrenia, mood disorders, and autism will join the ranks of leprosy, syphilis, and tuberculosis? Quoting
Effective writers also provide introductions/context for your quotations. As Jenn Webb and Sam Byrnand state, zombies reveal the consequences of the global spread of capitalism: In a system that comprises tentacles of trade and exchange crisscrossing the globe, promising rewards to those who serve the capitalist system, [there is a] blurring of need and desire that turns us all into mindless consumers. Important note: all parts of your quotation must be relevant to the point you are making and cannot stray into other territory. Quoting
There are lots of signal verbs to use for attributions, such as acknowledges, admits, suggests, notes, claims, and so on. Here s a link with more examples: https://www.oakland.edu/Assets/upload/docs/OUWC/Pre sentations&Workshops/Rhetorically-Accurate-Verbs.pdf Use present tense in your attribution Quoting: verbs
You must use your own words You must use your own sentence structure Paraphrasing
Original: Conversation, like daily living, requires you to exhibit a considerable trust in others. Plan to have a talk with the dean and fail the assignment and possibly the course if you do it like this: Conversation, like everyday life, requires you to show your trust in others. Plan to be successful on the assignment if you do this: Ronald Wardhaugh compares conversation to everyday life because it requires people to trust one another (5). Paraphrasing
Failure to use quotation marks around a direct quote Failure to use an in-text citation with either a direct quote or a paraphrase Paraphrasing too closely It doesn t matter is you plagiarize intentionally or by mistake. Both constitute plagiarism. Things that could lead to a charge of plagiarism
It's not easy to put your finger on what's appealing about zombies. Vampires you can understand. They're good-looking and sophisticated and well dressed. They're immortal. Some of them have castles. You can imagine wanting to be a vampire or at least wanting to sleep with one. Nobody wants to sleep with zombies. They're hideous and mindless. They don't have superpowers. Their only assets are their infectiousness, single-minded perseverance and virtual unkillability. Of all monsters, vampires and zombies seem to be the trendiest the most regularly incarnate of the undead and the monsters most frequently represented in the media and pop culture. Moreover, both figures have experienced radical reinterpretations. If in the past vampires were evil, blood-sucking exploiters and zombies were brainless victims, they now have metamorphosed into kinder and gentler blood-sucking vampires and crueler, more relentless, flesh-eating zombies. Every zombie war is a . . . a numbers game. And it s more repetitive than complex. In other words, zombie killing is philosophically similar to reading and deleting 400 work e-mails on a Monday morning or filling out paperwork that only generates more paperwork, or following Twitter gossip out of obligation, or performing tedious tasks in which the only true risk is being consumed by the avalanche. The principal downside to any zombie attack is that the zombies will never stop coming; the principal downside to life is that you will be never be finished with whatever it is you do. Activity: paraphrase 1 par.; select one quotation
Zombie Paraphrase Source 1 Title: Zombies are the New Vampires Author: Lev Grossman Author s Credentials: book critic and lead technology writer at Time magazine Publication Date: 2009 Publisher: Time Page: 9 Zombie Paraphrase Source 2 Title: Vampires and Zombies: Transcultural Migrations and Transnational Interpretations Author: Dorothea Fischer-Hornung Author s Credentials: Dorothea Fischer-Hornung is a senior lecturer at the Heidelberg Center for American Studies Publication Date: 2016 Publisher: University Press of Mississippi Place of Publication: Jackson, MI Page: 3 Zombie Paraphrase Source 3 Title: My Zombie, Myself: Why Modern Life Feels Rather Undead Author: Chuck Klosterman Author s Credentials: American author and essayist Publication Date: Dec. 3, 2010 Publisher: The New York Times Place of Publication: Online article Citations
Paraphrase a few sentences, then select a quotation. Your Article
