Diminutives in Czech, German, and English Terminology
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Tomáš Káňa, Brno
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Objectives
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Definitions
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Method
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Diminutives in Czech Terminology and their counterparts in German
and English
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Structure of counterparts
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Semantic fields
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Conclusions
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What do the counterparts of Czech quasi-diminutives look like? Are
there also diminutive forms in English and German?
•
Is there any correlation between the morphological language type
and the type of coining terms?
W
h
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s
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t
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m
?
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lexical unit
•
typical for the particular technical language, expertise, study field,
profession etc.
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stable, precise (not ambiguous)
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Coinage: typical formations of other (common) lexical units
•
multi-word or compound
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derivation
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metaphorical transposition
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borrowing
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clipping, abbreviation
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?
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balík, balíček; chlebík, chlebíček; pumprlík, pumprlíček
•
pack, packet; little bread; goblin
•
kis csomag, kenyérke
--
•
house x housie x small house x cottage
•
(po)poskočit
•
jump a little bit
•
scamper, hop, make a leap, jump
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:
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Form x Meaning
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Meaning:
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something small / smaller than a prototype; endearment
, irony
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Form:
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synthetic (
doggie
)
•
analytic (
little/small dog
)
•
analytic-synthetic (
little doggie
)
•
inherent (
puppy
)
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240 Czech native speakers
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170 German native speakers (mainly from Austria, Switzerland)
•
Corpus
InterCorp v.4 (cs-de(-en))
onwards (12 million German words)
=> Conclusion:
1.
Diminutive form
2.
Diminutive meaning
If both => („real“) Diminutive
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bullet, cigarette, particle…
(originally diminutives)
•
Brötchen, Fräulein, Hörnchen/Kipferl, Kiesel, Märchen, Scherflein
•
částice, králík, kulka, můstek, schodek…
•
andulka, besídka, houska, polobotka
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quite complex (
see handout
)
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specific (
-ínek, íček, -inečka, -átečko, -oučko…
)
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aspecific (
-ek, -ík, -ko, -ečko…
)
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nouns
•
other parts of speech (transposition to nouns)
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All diminutive forms in Corpus
InterCorp v7
•
Collocations, counterparts
1.
„Real“ diminutives
: potentially evaluative meaning (
botička
)
2.
„Quasi“ diminutives
: no evaluative meaning (
botička
)
3.
„Non-diminutives“:
homonymous ending (
žejdlík, jídelníček,
antuka, základka, nabíječka, písíčko…
)
„
Q
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P
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d
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d
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around 600 different forms:
andělíček
[angel
DIM
],
andulka
[„Ann“
DIM
],
berlička
[crutch
DIM
],
brambůrek
[potatoe
DIM
], …
kahánek
[oil lamp
DIM
] …
mejdlíčko
[soap
DIM
] …
ořezávátko
[sharpener
DIM
] …
schodek
[step
DIM
], …
žluťásek
[yellow thing
DIM
]
Only terms (in quite different semantic fields):
•
biology 32
•
zoology 42
•
med
icine
35
•
f
ashion 23
•
food 32
•
industry
(various products)
120
(
Examples see handout)
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Treq
on korpus.cz
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Linguee.com
•
Dictionaries
•
Wikipedia
•
several homepages (e.g. dental chairs)
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English
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Metaphors
•
Borrowings
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Word-formation
•
Attribute phrases
•
Compounds
•
Diminutives
German
•
Word-formation
•
Compounds
•
Diminutives
•
Attribute Phrases
•
Borrowings
•
Metaphors
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chleba
bread
Brot
chlebíček
sandwich
(beleges) Brötchen,
Sandwich
Jako by za těch několik
chlebíčků
a víno měla povinnost mě bavit.
As if in return for those few
sandwiches
and the wine she had a duty to
entertain me.
Als wäre sie verpflichtet, mich zum Dank für den Wein und die paar
Brötchen
zu unterhalten.
(Klíma: Milostné léto / A Summer Affair)
M
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a
p
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o
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s
ruka
hand
Hand
ručička
needle
Zeiger
Ručička
na číselníku vystřelila na padesát pět.
The
needle
of the dial had shot up to fifty-five.
Der
Zeiger
der Zahlenscheibe schnellte auf fünfundfünfzig hoch.
(Orwell: 1984)
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koš
basket
Korb
košíček (cake)
cupcake
Körbchen
košíček (bra)
cup
Körbchen
mlýn
mill
Müle
mlýnek
grinder
Kaffee-/Käsemüle
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bomba
bomb
Bombe
•
bombička
Cartridge
Kartusche, Patrone
•
pusa
mouth, kiss
Mund, Kuss
•
pusinka
meringue
Baiser
, Busserl (A)
•
meč
sword
Schwert
•
gladiola
gladiol-us/a
Gladiole
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Czech
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Translations & integration suffixes
fialka, cévka, limetka
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English
•
No changes (except pronunciation)
violet, catheter, lime
•
German
•
Translations & „Anpassung“ (adjustment)
Veilchen, Katheter, Limette
„
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meč
sword
Schwert
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mečík (gladiolus)
sword lily
Schwertblume
•
pantofel
slipper
Pantoffel
•
pantoflíček (cypripedium)
lady´s slipper orchid
Frauenschuh
•
sláma
straw
Stroh
•
slámka (brčko)
straw
Strohalm
„
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)
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trubka
pipe, tube
Rohr
•
trubička
rolled wafel
Waffelröll
chen
•
stonožka
centipede
Tausendfüßler
•
destička
brake disc
Bremsscheibe
•
krv
inka
corpus
cle
Blutkörper
chen
•
korunka
tooth crown
Zahnkrone
•
plotýnka
(spine) disc
Bandscheibe
C
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kabela
bag
Tasche
•
kabelka
handbag
Handtasche
•
zahrada
garden
Garten
•
zahrádka
beer garden
Biergarten, Gastgarten,
Schanigarten
(A)
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ubrus
table cloth
Tischtuch
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ubrousek
nap
kin
Serviette
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kalhoty
pants, trousers
Hose
•
kalhotky
und
ies
Höschen
•
kapsa (*taška)
pie
Tasche
•
taštička
dump
ling
Tasch
erl
,
Keilchen
,
(Ravioli)
Different Motivation
•
ledňáček
kingfisher
Eisvogel
•
kohoutek
trigger/tap
Hahn
•
kopeček
scoop
Kugel
•
košíček
cup
Körbchen
•
rakvička
casket, sweet
Liebesknochen
•
tabulka (čoko)
bar
Tafel, Täfelchen
•
matička
nut
Mutter
•
zahrádka (auto)
luggage/roof rack
Dachträger
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Czech terminology
•
Word-formation (derivation – even of old borrowings) & metaphors
•
English terminology
•
Metaphors & borrowings, word-formation
•
German terminology
•
Word-formation (compounding) & metaphors, borrowings
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Diminutive form is more common
, both words are terms.
•
kvas
ferment
Gärung
•
kvásek
sour dough
Sauerteig
•
čistidlo
polish
Reinigungsmittel
•
čistítko
cleaner
Reiniger
•
napínák
shoe-tree
Holzbügel
•
napínáček
pin
Reißnagel
•
plivadlo
spit sink
Speichelschale (Spuckbecken?)
•
plivátko
spitoon
Spuckschale
•
razidlo
seal
Seiegelstempel
•
razítko
stamp
Stempel
•
sluchadlo
earplug
Hörgerät
•
sluchátko
headphone
Kopfhörer
B
a
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k
-
f
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m
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„
D
e
s
u
f
f
i
x
a
t
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n
“
Diminutive form is more common, bas
e
is a term
•
dalamánek
[roll, bagel]
→
dalamán
≈ bagel
•
loupáček
[croissant]
→
loupák
≈ croissant
•
feferonka
[pepper]
→
feferona
≈ pepper
•
čížek
[finch]
→
číž
≈ finch
•
sýček [little owl]
→
sýc
≈ little owl
Wide range of deverbatives
•
(
ohryzat
[gnaw]
→
ohryzek
[core]
→
ohryz
≈ bark browsing
)
•
přičesat
[do/add hair] →
příčesek
[hairpiece]
→
příčes
[„power“ piece]
Formal words
•
lebka
[skull, head]
→
leb
≈
skull
•
vánek
[breeze, wind]
→
van
≈
draught, breeze
C
o
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Czech uses diminutive suffixes to form terminology
•
unspecific suffixes
•
Diminutives in German terminology are very rare
•
specific diminutive suffixes
•
Diminutives in English terminology „invisible“
•
in borrowings only
•
Counterparts of „back-formed“ Czech words: formal English
I
s
s
u
e
s
•
What do the counterparts of Czech quasi-diminutives look like? Are
there also diminutive forms in English and German?
•
In English no, in German yes
•
Is there any correlation between the morphological language type
and the type of coining terms?
•
Yes, but in English more metaphors than conversions.
•
In German: more metaphors and borrowings than expected.
Thank you very much!
Explore the world of diminutives in Czech, German, and English terminology, delving into definitions, forms, meanings, and correlations with morphological language types. Discover the nuances of diminutive forms and their counterparts in different languages through a thorough analysis of linguistic structures and semantic fields.
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Presentation Transcript
Terminology in and around Terminology in and around Diminutives Diminutives Tom K a, Brno
Content Content Objectives Definitions Method Diminutives in Czech Terminology and their counterparts in German and English Structure of counterparts Semantic fields Conclusions
Issues Issues What do the counterparts of Czech quasi-diminutives look like? Are there also diminutive forms in English and German? Is there any correlation between the morphological language type and the type of coining terms?
What What is is a term? a term? lexical unit typical for the particular technical language, expertise, study field, profession etc. stable, precise (not ambiguous) Coinage: typical formations of other (common) lexical units multi-word or compound derivation metaphorical transposition borrowing clipping, abbreviation
What What is is a a diminutive diminutive? ? bal k, bal ek; chleb k, chleb ek; pumprl k, pumprl ek pack, packet; little bread; goblin kis csomag, keny rke -- house x housie x small house x cottage (po)posko it jump a little bit scamper, hop, make a leap, jump
Diminutive Diminutive: : Definition Definition Form x Meaning Meaning: something small / smaller than a prototype; endearment, irony Form: synthetic (doggie) analytic (little/small dog) analytic-synthetic (little doggie) inherent (puppy)
Q Questionnaire uestionnaire, corpus , corpus analysis analysis 240 Czech native speakers 170 German native speakers (mainly from Austria, Switzerland) Corpus InterCorp v.4 (cs-de(-en)) onwards (12 million German words) => Conclusion: 1. Diminutive form 2. Diminutive meaning If both => ( real ) Diminutive
Diminutive Diminutive forms forms without without dim dim. . meanings meanings bullet, cigarette, particle (originally diminutives) Br tchen, Fr ulein, H rnchen/Kipferl, Kiesel, M rchen, Scherflein stice, kr l k, kulka, m stek, schodek andulka, bes dka, houska, polobotka
System Systemof of Czech Czech diminutives diminutives quite complex (see handout) specific (- nek, ek, -ine ka, - te ko, -ou ko ) aspecific (-ek, - k, -ko, -e ko ) nouns other parts of speech (transposition to nouns)
Gathering Gathering data data All diminutive forms in Corpus InterCorp v7 Collocations, counterparts 1. Real diminutives: potentially evaluative meaning (boti ka) 2. Quasi diminutives: no evaluative meaning (boti ka) 3. Non-diminutives : homonymous ending ( ejdl k, j deln ek, antuka, z kladka, nab je ka, p s ko )
Quasi/ Quasi/Pseudo Pseudo diminutives diminutives around 600 different forms: and l ek [angelDIM], andulka [ Ann DIM], berli ka [crutchDIM], bramb rek [potatoeDIM], kah nek [oil lampDIM] mejdl ko [soapDIM] o ez v tko [sharpenerDIM] schodek [stepDIM], lu sek [yellow thingDIM] Only terms (in quite different semantic fields): biology 32 zoology 42 medicine 35 fashion 23 food 32 industry (various products) 120 (Examples see handout)
Searching Searching for for counterparts counterparts Treq on korpus.cz Linguee.com Dictionaries Wikipedia several homepages (e.g. dental chairs)
Counterparts Counterparts English Metaphors Borrowings Word-formation Attribute phrases Compounds Diminutives German Word-formation Compounds Diminutives Attribute Phrases Borrowings Metaphors
Metaphors Metaphors chleba chleb ek bread sandwich Brot (beleges) Br tchen, Sandwich Jako by za t ch n kolik chleb k a v no m la povinnost m bavit. As if in return for those few sandwiches and the wine she had a duty to entertain me. Als w re sie verpflichtet, mich zum Dank f r den Wein und die paar Br tchen zu unterhalten. (Kl ma: Milostn l to / A Summer Affair)
Metaphors Metaphors ruka ru i ka hand needle Hand Zeiger Ru i ka na seln ku vyst elila na pades t p t. The needle of the dial had shot up to fifty-five. Der Zeiger der Zahlenscheibe schnellte auf f nfundf nfzig hoch. (Orwell: 1984)
Metaphors Metaphors ko ko ek (cake) ko ek (bra) basket cupcake cup Korb K rbchen K rbchen ml n ml nek mill grinder M le Kaffee-/K sem le
Borrowings Borrowings bomba bombi ka bomb Cartridge Bombe Kartusche, Patrone pusa pusinka mouth, kiss meringue Mund, Kuss Baiser, Busserl (A) me gladiola sword gladiol-us/a Schwert Gladiole
Intergration Intergration Czech Translations & integration suffixes fialka, c vka, limetka English No changes (except pronunciation) violet, catheter, lime German Translations & Anpassung (adjustment) Veilchen, Katheter, Limette
Translations (Calques) Translations (Calques) me me k (gladiolus) sword sword lily Schwert Schwertblume pantofel pantofl ek (cypripedium) slipper lady s slipper orchid Pantoffel Frauenschuh sl ma sl mka (br ko) straw straw Stroh Strohalm
Translations (Calques or same motivation) Translations (Calques or same motivation) trubka trubi ka pipe, tube rolled wafel Rohr Waffelr llchen stono ka desti ka krvinka korunka plot nka centipede brake disc corpuscle tooth crown (spine) disc Tausendf ler Bremsscheibe Blutk rperchen Zahnkrone Bandscheibe
Compounds Compounds kabela kabelka bag handbag Tasche Handtasche zahrada zahr dka garden beer garden Garten Biergarten, Gastgarten, Schanigarten (A)
Diminutives Diminutives ubrus ubrousek table cloth napkin Tischtuch Serviette kalhoty kalhotky pants, trousers undies Hose H schen kapsa (*ta ka) ta ti ka pie dumpling Tasche Tascherl, Keilchen, (Ravioli)
Different Motivation led ek kohoutek kope ek ko ek rakvi ka tabulka ( oko) mati ka zahr dka (auto) kingfisher trigger/tap scoop cup casket, sweet bar nut luggage/roof rack Eisvogel Hahn Kugel K rbchen Liebesknochen Tafel, T felchen Mutter Dachtr ger
Structures ( Structures (summing summing up) up) Czech terminology Word-formation (derivation even of old borrowings) & metaphors English terminology Metaphors & borrowings, word-formation German terminology Word-formation (compounding) & metaphors, borrowings
Specification Specification in in the the opposite opposite direction direction Diminutive form is more common, both words are terms. kvas ferment kv sek sour dough istidlo polish ist tko cleaner nap n k shoe-tree nap n ek pin plivadlo spit sink pliv tko spitoon razidlo seal raz tko stamp sluchadlo earplug sluch tko headphone G rung Sauerteig Reinigungsmittel Reiniger Holzb gel Rei nagel Speichelschale (Spuckbecken?) Spuckschale Seiegelstempel Stempel H rger t Kopfh rer
Back Back- -formation formation Desuffixation Desuffixation Diminutive form is more common, base is a term dalam nek [roll, bagel] loup ek [croissant] feferonka [pepper] ek [finch] s ek [little owl] Wide range of deverbatives (ohryzat [gnaw] ohryzek [core] p i esat [do/add hair] p esek [hairpiece] Formal words lebka [skull, head] v nek [breeze, wind] dalam n loup k feferona s c bagel croissant pepper finch little owl ohryz bark browsing) p es [ power piece] leb van skull draught, breeze
Conclusion Conclusion Czech uses diminutive suffixes to form terminology unspecific suffixes Diminutives in German terminology are very rare specific diminutive suffixes Diminutives in English terminology invisible in borrowings only Counterparts of back-formed Czech words: formal English
Issues Issues What do the counterparts of Czech quasi-diminutives look like? Are there also diminutive forms in English and German? In English no, in German yes Is there any correlation between the morphological language type and the type of coining terms? Yes, but in English more metaphors than conversions. In German: more metaphors and borrowings than expected.
