Counselling: Theory & Practice - Learner Objectives

Dr. Jaimon Varghese

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1

Counselling: Theory & Practice

Learner Objectives

Learner Objectives

1. Develop holistic understanding of counselling as

a tool for help

2. Acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes for

counselling

3. Develop insight in need and areas of counselling

in different situations

4. To develop counselling competencies in students

for working in various specialized set ups

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Unit 3

Unit 3

Types of Counselling

Types of Counselling

1.

Individual

2. 

Group

3. 

Couple

4. 

Family

5. 

Telephonic / helpline

Counselling

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3.1 Individual Counselling

3.1 Individual Counselling



Concept



Goals



Principles



Process



Stages



Tools



Techniques

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Individual Counselling

Individual Counselling



Theories and approaches



Counselling Situations & setups



Competencies



Obstacles



Stress and burnout



Ethical issues

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3.2 Group Counselling

3.2 Group Counselling



In group counselling a number of individuals

work together with a professional counsellor

to learn to resolve personal and interpersonal

concerns.



The primary goal of group counselling is the

creation of an interpersonal climate which

helps each individual to develop insight into

himself



It is a process in which free communication

among members is encouraged and

maintained. leading to an understanding and

evaluation of each other's point of view.

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Group Counselling

Group Counselling



It is a means of helping to resolve problems by

enjoying the social process of group dynamics

and social facilitation.



It is calculated to attain rapid amelioration in

personality and behaviour of individual

members through specific and controlled

group interaction



In group counselling individuals explore and

analyse

 their problems together so that they

may understand them better, learn to cope

with them and learn to make valid choices

and decisions.

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Group Counselling

Group Counselling



The group experience helps them to feel

closer to others to find and give emotional

support and to understand and accept

themselves and others.



Feelings of common direction and purpose

develop, as group cohesiveness increases.



Group counselling has all the three

dimensions o f individual counselling viz.

remedial, preventive and developmental.

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Group Counselling Assumptions

Group Counselling Assumptions



Individuals possess the necessary talent /

capacity to trust and to be trusted by other

group members providing an atmosphere of

support and security for each members



each individual has the potential to take

responsibility for 

self change



group members can learn and understand

from the objectives and methodology of

group process  to reform the members and

not to 

make them conform.

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Structuring of Groups

Structuring of Groups



Selection and induction of members



Size of the group (6-10)



Composition of the group : homogeneous or

heterogeneous with respect to problems,

education, intelligence, age, sex and so on.



Frequency and duration of meetings: 

two

hour weekly sessions for 11 to 15 weeks



Physical setting: privacy and freedom from

interruptions; 

small room  rather than large;

circular seating arrangement with each

member sitting where he pleases

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Process of Group Counselling

Process of Group Counselling

Initial exploratory stage

:



counsellor explains his role and the roles of

group members.



set up facilitative conditions to help develop

trust. 



modelling genuineness, warmth, non-

judgemental attitudes 

to group members and

listening carefully

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Process of Group Counselling

Process of Group Counselling

Transition stage

:



group members are confronted with the need to

explore more deeply to self disclose , letting others

know more about oneself, more intensively and to

interact 

more actively with others; 

resistance to

exploring painful feelings



Explore more deeply the emotions and feelings

that are painful



conflict or rebellion resulting from a struggle for

power, control or dominance among the members



encourage group members to work through

conflicts and move toward more authentic self-

explorations

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Process of Group Counselling

Process of Group Counselling

Working stage

:



feel more close to each other and more aware of

others problems



sharing feelings and thoughts and to give

constructive feedback to each 

other



more supportive and cooperative and hence have

more confidence



Counsellors 

challenge each other to convert

insights, they have gained in the 

group into action



group becomes productive and committed to going

deeply into significant problems and to giving

attention to interchanges in the group.

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Process of Group Counselling

Process of Group Counselling

Working stage

:



less dependence on the counsellor and the

group begins to focus on working towards

specified individual goals and group goals.



members feel free to confront each other and

are more willing to accept confrontations as a

constructive means to change.



group interactions bring about attitudinal and

behavioural changes in the group,



members accept challenges among them to

reform their everyday life.

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Process of Group Counselling

Process of Group Counselling

Working stage

:



Counselling uses a variety of techniques in

accordance with their theoretical orientations.



Role playing, psycho-drama, assertiveness

training, etc. are frequently used techniques

Consolidation and Termination



fix a termination date in advance



start discussion about the termination, three

or four sessions before the final one



give adequate time for handling psychological

or emotional upsets associated with weaning,

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Process of Group Counselling

Process of Group Counselling

Consolidation and Termination



work toward transferring new experiences to

outside world,



work through any unfinished problems,



review the experiences of individual members

and work out how each can build on these

changes, once the termination is over,



Suggestions for future help



how to build on new learning by joining a

support group or other more advance groups or

by reading or by attending workshops, etc.

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Advantages of Group Counselling

Advantages of Group Counselling



It is economical, saves time and money.



helps individuals to socialize their attitudes,

habits and judgments.



provides multiple stimuli for each member to

work through and approximates real life

situation.



By frank and honest sharing of thoughts and

feelings members develop a feeling of group

cohesiveness and singleness of purpose that

helps them to progress.

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Advantages of Group Counselling

Advantages of Group Counselling



Discussion of matters of common concern help

the members to appraise the adequacy of their

interpersonal relations.



The group gives a practice field to learn new

more flexible and more satisfying ways of

relating to others.



the group helps the individual appraise his

values and come to an increased appreciation

of the importance of good human relations in

his value system

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Advantages of Group Counselling

Advantages of Group Counselling



Some individuals who cannot be reached

through individual counselling can be reached

through group counselling.



In a group counselling situation feelings of

depression, isolation are reduced and talking

made easy.



In a group counselling situation feelings of

depression, isolation are reduced and talking

made easy.



group counselling gives the counsellor an

opportunity to study persons in an initial

group setting.

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Limitations of Group Counselling

Limitations of Group Counselling



Group counselling is not suitable for some

individual who find the group situation too

threatening.



some individuals have a very low level of

tolerance and will not be able to adopt their

behaviour to the demands of the group.



Very personal and private problems cannot be

discussed in the group situation.

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Limitations of Group Counselling

Limitations of Group Counselling



counsellor has less control over the situation in

group counselling; the counsellor may

sometimes find himself seriously impeded in

establishing good working relationship with

members.



The counsellor has to take into consideration

several factors and decide whether group

counselling is suitable for particular

individuals and type of problem.

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3.4 Family Counselling

3.4 Family Counselling



Family Therapy is a branch of

psychotherapy that works with families

and couples in intimate relationships to

nurture change and development



Important areas, namely,



pre-marital counselling,



counselling for better marital harmony



counselling to eliminate or forestall a

marriage from breaking up (divorce-4.1)

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Family Counselling

Family Counselling



Important areas, namely,



Couple counselling (3.3)



marital / live- in disputes (4.1)



domestic violence (4.1)



planned parenthood &parenting (4.3)



MTP (4.3)



Infertility (4.3)



Adoption (4.3)

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Family Counselling

Family Counselling



In marriage counselling the client is not

either of the married partners but the

marriage relationship itself



a form of crises intervention

Emerging issues



sharp rise in the divorce rate (50 to 65%)



the changing role of women.



The expansion of the life span; not sure

how to relate to the family members over

time, as there were few previous models

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Family Counselling

Family Counselling

Basic premises



psychologically healthy counsellors: not

contaminate sessions with unresolved

personal /family issues



Balance: not to overemphasizes or under

emphasize possible aspects or interventions



Structure (contract): 

how often & for how

long; Initiative from couples; once counselor

listen and outline what they see as

possibilities, couple or family members often

pull together common goals

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Family Counselling

Family Counselling

Basic premises



psychologically healthy counsellors:

not contaminate sessions with

unresolved personal /family issues



Structure (contract): 

how often & for

how long; Initiative from couples; once

counselor listen and outline what they

see as possibilities, couple or family

members often pull together common

goals

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Family Counselling

Family Counselling

Basic premises



understanding of how couples and

families became either more together

or apart when faced with different life

stages, cultural norms, or situational

circumstances



Balance: not to overemphasizes or

under emphasize possible aspects or

interventions

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Family Counselling - Steps

Family Counselling - Steps



1. Intake:



2. Assessment:



3. Diagnosis based on structure &

functions.



4. Hypothesis formulation;

intervention plan



5. Intervention: counselling using

circular question



6. Termination and follow ups

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1. Understanding family (Intake)

1. Understanding family (Intake)



Family is a small social system made

up of individuals related to each other

by reason of strong reciprocal affection

and loyalties compromising

permanent household or cluster of

households.



Member enters through birth,

adoption or marriage, and leave only

by death.

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Understanding family (Intake)

Understanding family (Intake)



understand the family’s perception of

their problem, their motivation and

need to undergo family intervention

and the therapist’s assessment of

suitability for family therapy



Family life cycle: the natural history of

Family formation, Expansion,

Contraction, and Dissolution.



there is rearrangement of role

reciprocities over the growing life cycle

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Understanding family life cycle

Understanding family life cycle



Stages I: Married couples without

children



Stage II: Child bearing Families ( I Child

0-30 months)



Stage III: Family with pre-school children

(30 mths-6 yrs)



Stage IV: Family with school age children

(6 yrs- 13yrs)

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Understanding family life cycle

Understanding family life cycle



 Stage V: Family with teenagers (13 yrs –20

yrs)



 Stage VI: Family with Launching young

adults



 Stage VII: Family with middle age

parents (Empty nest to retirement)



 Stage VIII: Ageing family (Retirement to

Death of one Spouse)

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2. The Family Assessment

2. The Family Assessment



3-5 sessions with the whole family

lasting approximately 45 minutes

each



start with a three generation

genogram (family tree) and follow

up with the different life cycle stages

and family functions



Trans-generational family patterns

and interactions are looked at

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The Family Assessment

The Family Assessment



The life cycle & functions of the

index family is explored next



see how the family has coped with

problems and the process of

transition from one stage to

another

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Approaches to study a Family

Approaches to study a Family



Institutional approach,



Interactional approach,



Structural functional approach,



Situational approach,



Learning approach,



Home management approach,



Family development approach

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure



Composition

 - Three Generation Genogram



Boundaries

 - the rules defining who

participate in the system and how i.e, the

degree of access outsiders have to the

system.



Boundaries can be clear/open, diffuse,

closed and rigid.



Subsystem

 is one element of the total

system in a state of dynamic interchange

with contiguous subsystems

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure



Alignments

 - consist of coalitions,

alliances, triangulation and detouring



Coalition

 - when alignments stand in

opposition to another part of the system



Alliance

 is the joining together of two or

more members, potentially neutral

having an inherent capacity to become

aggressive directed to a third party

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure



Triangulation

 is a situation where two

parents (unit) in overt/covert conflict

attempt to enlist the child’s (a third

unit’s) sympathy or support against the

other



Conflict 

detouring

 refers to

arrangements of two against one

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure



Detouring–attacking means bonding

together to scapegoat the third



Detouring-supportive is one parent mask

the differences by focusing on a child

who is defined as ‘sick’.



Decision Making Process:  

Authoritarian

or Democratic

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure

Role structure and functioning



Multiplicity and complementarities of

roles



Role expectation and performance



Role allocation and role conflict / strain



Diffusion and ambiguity



Explicit and implicit



Role acceptance / accountability



Instrumental and expressive roles

(mediator)

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure

Communication



a) channels/noise level /equality of

participation/clarity of communication



b) direct-indirect; verbal-nonverbal



c) ambiguous/paradoxical/switchboard



Affective status – communication of

feelings



three elements of the process -

perception, evaluation and transmission

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure

Reinforcement



Processes adopted by the family

members to imbibe socially approved

behaviour



Positive & Negative reinforcement

Cohesiveness



commitment and the degree of intimacy

in the interpersonal dimension



Enmeshed - healthy connectedness -

healthy separateness – disengaged.

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure



Healthy individuals are both separate

(Well differentiated) & connected

(intimate)



parameters of Cohesiveness



social, personal and emotional activities



we feeling, bonds, dependence,

independence



family rituals: symbolic form of

communication stabilizes family life by

clarifying expected roles

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure

Adaptive Patterns



Coping strategy refers to an action, series

of actions or thought process utilized in

meeting a stressful or unpleasant

situation or modifying one’s reaction to

such a situation.



a conscious and direct approach to

problems in contrast to defense

mechanisms

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure

Adaptive Patterns



problem solving ability refers to “the process of

developing a new response to situation for

which no existing behavioural pattern is

available to achieve a goal”



Steps of problem solving



Define the problem



Identify different alternatives



Find out +ves and –ves of each alternative



Choose the best- more +ves & less –ves



Implement it

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3. Diagnosis: Family structure

3. Diagnosis: Family structure

Social support systems



“the formal and informal relationships and

groups through which an individual receives

moral cognitive and supports necessary to

master stressful experience”



Level of support



Primary: Support from immediate family



Secondary: include relatives, friends &

neighbors



Tertiary: Hospital, voluntary & Govt.

agencies and religious 

institutions

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Schools of family counselling

Psychodynamic therapy



understands the dynamics employed by

different members of the family 

and the

interrelationships



ego defenses and Family transferences

are interpreted



goal of therapy is to effect emotional

insight and working through new

defense patterns

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Schools of family counselling

Psychodynamic therapy



Employed in persons who are

psychologically sophisticated and able to

understand dynamics and

interpretations



15 -30 sessions; 

Sustained and high

motivation is necessary

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Schools of family counselling

Behavioural methods



psycho-education and skills training in

communication and problem solving

Structural family therapy



The family boundaries are identified and

if they are dysfunctional they are

realigned.

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Circular questions



Ask who agrees with whom



each member’s explanation for certain

member’s behaviour



Ask questions to each member about the other

family members; their behaviors, beliefs,

values, thoughts, traditions, habits, feelings

and relationships



Attempt to discover the full cycle or sequence

of inter-member behaviors, thereby

perpetuating it

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Circular questions



Investigate differences or changes in coalitions

over time



Use circular questions after formulating

hypothesis.



Begin with questions which are least offensive

or threatening, to test the family’s responses.



Ask questions which may prompt members to

try out new behaviors

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Techniques



1. Therapeutic spontaneity



2. Family as a unit



3. Joining-therapeutic use of self



4. Planning according to the nature of

Family



5. Change by challenging the family

system and family structure



6. Reframing

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Techniques



7. Enactment – collecting useful information

through spontaneous transactions



8. Focus – on them to work towards change



9. Intensity through repetition of messages and

transactions and change of time and distance



10. Restructuring



11. Boundaries –changing the distance between

subsystems



12. Unbalancing – changing the hierarchical

relationship of the members in a subsystem

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Techniques



13. 

Complementarity



14. Realities - developing a world view



15. Constructions – changing the family reality

by utilization of universal symbols, family

truths and expert advice



16. Paradoxes



17. Strengths – use characteristics of the family

such as nurturing, caring and supportive

transactions

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Role and functions of family therapist



1 establish a useful rapport: empathy and

communication among family members and

between them and himself



2 clarifies conflict by dissolving barriers,

defensive disguises, confusions and

misunderstanding



3 Transforming dormant or concealed

interpersonal conflicts into open interactional

expression

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Role and functions of family therapist



4 Lifting hidden intrapersonal conflict to the

level of interpersonal interaction



5 Neutralizing patterns of prejudicial

scapegoating

 that fortify one part of the family

while victimizing another part



6 Counteracting inappropriate denials,

displacements and rationalization of conflict



7 He provides emotional support to the family

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4. Counselling Intervention

4. Counselling Intervention

Role and functions of family therapist



8 He works towards penetrating and

undermining resistances and reducing the

intensity of shared currents of conflict, guilt

and fear by using confrontation and

interpretation



9 He serves as a personal instrument of reality

testing for the family (catalyst)



10 He is an educator and 

personifier

 of useful

models of family health

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5. Termination Phase

5. Termination Phase



a couple of sessions



The initials goals of therapy are reviewed with

the family.



The family and therapist review together the

goals which were achieved and the therapist

reminds the family the new patterns / changes

which have emerged.



the family is cautioned that these new patterns

will occur when all members make a concerted

effort to see this happen

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5. Termination Phase

5. Termination Phase



reminded that it is easy to fall back to the old

patterns of functioning which had produced

the unstable equilibrium necessitating

consultation



At termination the therapist usually negotiates

new goals, new tasks or new interactions with

the family that they will carry out for the next

few months in the follow -up period.

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5. Termination Phase

5. Termination Phase



need to review these new patterns after a

couple of months so as determine how things

have gone and how conflicts have been

addressed by the family.



This way the family has a better chance of

sustaining the change created.



A family should both meet the current

emotional and psychological needs of all its

members, and prepare the children for an

autonomous existence in the wider world into

which it will, at the appropriate time, launch

them

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3.3 Couple Counselling

3.3 Couple Counselling

Characteristics of Coupling



Voluntary nature of coupling



Different background and value systems: two

systems of different values, emotions,

backgrounds and thinking come to merge by

negotiating for the third way called our way, a

continuous process throughout the lifespan.



Balance in the couple’s relationship



Temporal aspects of coupling: the past, the

present and the future of effective problem

solving

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3.3 Couple Counselling

3.3 Couple Counselling

Characteristics of Coupling



Giving and receiving of support as part of

coupling: One needs to be extremely sensitive

to the needs of the other with regard to the

kind of support the other is in need of



Maintenance of separateness and individuality

in coupling to pursue one’s own individual

needs of political affiliation, religious

commitment, network of personal friends and

colleagues of work

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3.3 Couple Counselling

3.3 Couple Counselling



Problems

 with alcohol or substance abuse



Difficulty with children



A situation where one or both spouses have

been unfaithful



Financial problems



Major life changes, such as being unemployed

or moving



Sexual difficulties or other problems in the

bedroom



Problems with fertility

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3.3 Couple Counselling

3.3 Couple Counselling

Different stages of Couple Counselling



Social Stage: involves knowing the couple, their

family, social constellation



Problem stage: understanding their problems

from each other’s point of view



Interaction Stage: problem through interacting

with the couple

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3.3 Couple Counselling

3.3 Couple Counselling

Different stages of Couple Counselling



Stage for defining desired change:



i) reducing some problem behaviour such as

conflict, commitments outside the relationship,

procrastination or forgetfulness,



ii) beginning or increasing a desired behaviour

such as spending time together,



Ending of session: the ending should not be

abrupt enough time should be given to couple.

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3.5 Telephonic / helpline Counselling

3.5 Telephonic / helpline Counselling



Type of individual counselling



Child and women line



Heath helpline (doctor on call)



Agriculture help line



Economical: overcome the barriers of

distance, money and time



Concrete assistance



Provision of a network of assistance

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3.5 Telephonic / helpline Counselling

3.5 Telephonic / helpline Counselling



Availability of experts for the remote

corners of the country



Development of data base for clinical

research



Advantage of anonymity (for the

counselee)



Disadvantage of anonymity: improper

assessment of the person and context



Too short and little follow up

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Recommended Reading:

Recommended Reading:

1.

 Gracious Thomas (Ed.) (2010) 

Case Work and

Counselling: Working with Individuals

, New

Delhi: School of Social Work, IGNOU

 2. Colin, Feltham (1995) 

What is Counselling

, New Delhi

: Sage Publication

3. Gibson Robert, Mitchell Marianne (2005)

Introduction to Counselling and Guidance 

(6th

Edition), New Delhi : Person Education Pvt. Ltd.

4. Hackney Harold, Sherilyn Cormier (1979) 

Counselling

Strategies and Objectives

, New Jersey : Prentice – Hall

Inc.

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Recommended Reading:

Recommended Reading:

5. Madhukar Indira (2000) 

Guidance and Counselling,

New Delhi : Authors Press

6. Miller Ewan (2007) 

Person Centered Counselling

Psychology, 

New Delhi : Sage Publication

7. Patri Vasantha (2001) 

Counselling Psychology

, New

Delhi : Authors Press

8. Rao, Narayan (1995) 

Counselling and Guidance

, New

Delhi : Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing Co, Ltd.

9. Barki, B. G. Mukhopadyay, B. (1991) 

Guidance and

counseling, 

New Delhi : Sterling Publishers, Pvt. Ltd.

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Thank You

05-03-2025 10:25:26

Method 1: Social Casework

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