Coordination and Parallelism in Sentence Structure
undefined
COORDINATION
■
Coordinating conjunctions
: conjunctions that link
independent parts of sentences
–
E
.
g
.
a
n
d
,
b
u
t
,
o
r
–
We built a new snow fort
and
threw
snowballs
–
Robbie is mean
,
and
I am not going to play
with him anymore.
COORDINATION
■
M
o
s
t
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
a
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
f
r
o
m
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
p
a
r
t
s
(
t
h
e
s
m
a
l
l
e
s
t
u
n
i
t
s
i
n
a
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
)
■
E.gs. (compounded subject)
■
Gino’s father
and
my uncle
flew helicopters in Vietnam.
■
(compounded predicate)
■
The kids
played outdoors all morning,
but
stayed inside all afternoon
.
■
(compounded direct object)
■
He usually drinks
a cappuccino
or
a latte
before class.
■
S
o
m
e
O
t
h
e
r
C
o
n
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
–
For (can be either coordinating or subordinating)
–
Yet / So (conjunctive adverbs like however)
–
Neither / either (correlative conjunction)
■
Normally a comma is not used with a coordinating conjunction
when it joins a two-part compound within a sentence, but there
are some exceptions:
–
I didn’t believe her,
and
said so. (special emphasis)
–
The running back charged ahead,
but
missed the
goal line by an inch. (introducing a contrast)
PARALLELISM
■
A Coordinate structure is parallel only when the parts (when
combined) are of the same form.
■
Parallelism is required in
–
lists and series;
–
in compound structures;
–
every kind of comparison, including those using
than
or
as
;
–
contrasting elements
.
■
Parallel structures are usually connected with
and
,
but
,
or
,
or
nor
and
may be groups of
–
single words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) or
–
phrases or clauses within a sentence or headings within a
document.
Some examples of
parallel structure
■
Subject of the sentence as nouns
–
D
e
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
g
g
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
r
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
n
y
a
b
u
s
e
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
.
■
Prepositional phrase
–
I
n
l
o
v
e
a
s
i
n
w
a
r
,
n
o
h
o
l
d
s
a
r
e
b
a
r
r
e
d
.
■
Infinitive phrase
–
I
c
o
u
l
d
n
’
t
d
e
c
i
d
e
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
o
p
a
y
m
y
r
e
n
t
,
t
o
b
u
y
f
o
o
d
,
o
r
t
o
g
o
t
o
t
h
e
m
o
v
i
e
s
.
■
Noun phrase:
–
H
e
h
a
d
n
o
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
s
c
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
n
o
m
o
n
e
y
f
o
r
f
u
n
.
■
Dependent clauses:
–
M
i
c
h
i
k
o
t
o
l
d
t
h
e
j
u
d
g
e
t
h
a
t
s
h
e
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
p
u
l
l
e
d
o
u
t
o
f
a
l
i
n
e
o
f
f
a
s
t
-
m
o
v
i
n
g
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
s
h
e
h
a
d
a
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
r
e
c
o
r
d
.
■
Independent clauses:
–
I
n
m
a
t
t
e
r
s
o
f
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
,
s
t
a
n
d
l
i
k
e
a
r
o
c
k
;
i
n
m
a
t
t
e
r
s
o
f
t
a
s
t
e
,
s
w
i
m
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
■
Now, look at the following sentence. Is there parallelism?
–
H
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
b
o
r
i
n
g
,
c
h
i
l
d
i
s
h
,
a
n
d
s
h
o
w
e
d
h
o
w
i
g
n
o
r
a
n
t
s
h
e
w
a
s
.
■
N
O
!
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
:
■
H
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
b
o
r
i
n
g
,
c
h
i
l
d
i
s
h
,
a
n
d
i
g
n
o
r
a
n
t
.
■
What about this sentence?
–
S
h
e
w
o
r
k
e
d
l
a
t
e
i
n
t
h
e
e
v
e
n
i
n
g
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
t
o
c
a
t
c
h
u
p
o
n
h
e
r
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
h
e
r
p
a
p
e
r
.
■
NO! The correct version:
■
S
h
e
w
o
r
k
e
d
h
a
r
d
l
a
t
e
i
n
t
h
e
e
v
e
n
i
n
g
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
t
o
c
a
t
c
h
u
p
o
n
h
e
r
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
h
e
r
p
a
p
e
r
.
Coordination of the Series--
Punctuation
■
If three or more components are present, we use a comma
to separate the parallel coordinate elements:
–
Among the lands on the frozen fringes of the
Arctic Ocean are Alaska, Canada, and
Greenland.
■
If there are two, no commas:
–
Among the lands on the frozen fringes of the
Arctic Ocean are Alaska and Canada.
Exercise
■
Underline the parallel structures and correct them.
■
1.
Ireland’s mountains are
lush, green, and people find
them attractive.
■
1.
Ireland’s mountains are
lush
,
green
, and
people find them
attractive
.
Ireland’s mountains are lush,
green
,
and attractive.
■
2.
The coast has great
seafood, clean air, and the
beaches are really pretty.
■
2.
The coast has
great
seafood
,
clean air
, and
the
beaches are really pretty
.
The coast has great seafood,
clean air and pretty beaches.
■
3.
Trevor’s eyesight causes him
to squint when he reads the
paper, and he has to almost
close his eyes when he looks at
the clock.
■
3.
Trevor’s eyesight causes him to
squint
when he reads the paper
,
and he has to almost close his
eyes
when he looks at the clock
.
Trevor’s eyesight causes him to
squint when he reads the paper
and when he looks at the clock.
■
4.
These novels were
banned in Europe during the
1940’s and they were burned
during the same period.
■
4.
These novels were
banned
in
Europe during the 1940’s and they
were
burned
during the same
period.
These novels were banned and
burned in Europe during the
1940’s.
■
5.
Her decision to move to New
York reflected her new-found
independence and she had a new
perspective on life.
■
5.
Her decision to move to New
York reflected
her new-found
independence
and
she had a new
perspective on life
.
Her decision to move to New York
reflected her new-found
independence and her new
perspective on life.
■
6.
I want to learn how to fly a
plane, be a captain of a yacht,
and how to speak Spanish.
–
6.
I want to learn how
to fly a
plane
,
be a captain of a yacht
,
and
how to speak Spanish
.
I want to learn how to fly a
plane, to captain a yacht
,
and
to speak Spanish
.
■
7.
Her critique of the play
seemed innovative and to
challenge us.
–
7.
Her critique of the play
seemed
innovative
and
to
challenge us
.
Her critique of the play
seemed innovative and
challenging to us.
■
8.
Oliver has great taste in
wines and he knows which
foods are really good, too.
–
8.
Oliver has
great taste in
wines
and
he knows which
foods are really good
, too.
Oliver has great taste in
wines and in food.
■
9.
The resort has an excellent
view of the lake for tourists, a
landscaped track for joggers,
and a luxurious yacht for people
who like to snorkel.
■
9.
The resort has
an excellent view
of the lake for tourists
,
a
landscaped track for joggers
, and
a
luxurious yacht for people who like
to snorkel
.
The resort has an excellent view of
the lake for tourists, a landscaped
track for joggers, and a luxurious
yacht for snorkelers.
Coordination with
Correlative Conjunctions
■
both – and
either – or
■
not only – but also
neither – nor
■
Such correlatives change the rhythm and focus of the sentence!
■
E.g.
■
Individuals
and
nations must learn to think about the environment.
■
Both
individuals
and
nations must learn to think about the
environment.
■
U
s
e
o
f
b
o
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
2
n
d
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
h
i
f
t
s
t
h
e
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
o
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
!
■
‘
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
–
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
’
.
■
As citizens of this global village, we must be concerned
not
only
with our own health and safety
but
with the needs of
others
as well
.
■
As citizens of this global village, we must be concerned
not
only
with our own health and safety
but also
with the needs of
others.
■
In the 2nd sentence the main focus is on ‘
also
’, not on ‘others’
■
n
e
i
t
h
e
r
–
n
o
r
/
e
i
t
h
e
r
–
o
r
–
Neither
individuals
nor
nations can afford to ignore what is
happening to the environment.
–
I should
either
spend more time studying
or
get a part-time job.
–
Either
I should spend more time studying,
or
I should get a
part-time job.
■
Don’t forget parallelism here!
■
I
w
i
l
l
e
i
t
h
e
r
t
a
k
e
t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
o
r
t
h
e
b
u
s
.
■
Verb Ph
Noun Ph
■
I
w
i
l
l
t
a
k
e
e
i
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
o
r
t
h
e
b
u
s
.
■
Noun Ph Noun Phr
Subject-Verb
Agreement
■
The issue whether the subject of the sentence agrees with the
predicate.
■
E.g.
My friends and relatives
are
coming to the wedding
.
Subject
Predicate
My mother
was
at the cinema last night.
Subject
Predicate
My sister and brother
are
sleeping
.
Subject
Predicate
■
n
e
i
t
h
e
r
–
n
o
r
/
e
i
t
h
e
r
–
o
r
:
■
E
i
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
o
r
t
h
e
v
i
c
e
p
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
s
g
o
i
n
g
t
o
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
s
p
e
a
k
e
r
.
■
N
e
i
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
s
p
e
a
k
e
r
n
o
r
t
h
e
l
i
s
t
e
n
e
r
s
w
e
r
e
i
n
t
i
m
i
d
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
o
t
e
s
t
o
r
s
.
■
E
i
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
o
f
f
i
c
e
r
s
o
r
t
h
e
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
a
d
v
i
s
e
r
m
a
k
e
s
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
l
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
.
■
E
i
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
a
d
v
i
s
e
r
o
r
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
o
f
f
i
c
e
r
s
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
l
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
.
■
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
w
i
t
h
a
p
h
r
a
s
e
(
i
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
&
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
)
■
T
h
e
s
i
d
e
w
a
l
k
,
i
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
d
r
i
v
e
w
a
y
,
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
b
e
r
e
p
a
i
r
e
d
.
■
The sidewalk and the driveway
need
to be repaired.
■
Mike, along with his friend Emilio, often
helps
out at the
bakery on weekends.
■
Mike and his friend Emilio often
help
out at the bakery on
weekends.
■
O
t
h
e
r
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
/
V
e
r
b
A
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
s
:
■
T
h
e
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
o
f
c
o
u
r
s
e
a
n
d
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
o
f
t
e
n
b
e
w
i
l
d
e
r
s
n
e
w
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
■
There is/are
–
There
were
only fifteen
children
in the classroom
.
■
Collective nouns
–
The
faculty
is
hired in August for the next semester
.
■
Everyone
–
Everyone
works
hard on this project.
■
Pronouns like
none
,
enough
,
more
,
most
,
some
,
all
, or
half
–
Enough
of the
stew
was
spilled to make a stain.
–
Enough
of the
people
were
present to vote.
■
False plurals
–
Words like
statistics
,
mathematics
,
economics
—and
measles
,
news
, etc
are always singular
–
The
news
is
really bad.
■
Relative pronouns
–
It is good
service
that
makes
a restaurant great.
Exercise
■
C
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
v
e
r
b
.
1.
The daredevil among the teenagers (scares, scare) most parents.
1.
The daredevil among the teenagers (
scares
, scare) most parents.
2.
The dragon or the king (wins, win) the battle.
2.
The dragon or the king (
wins
, win) the battle.
3.
The many guidelines for the paper (causes, cause) confusion
among students.
3.
The many guidelines for the paper (causes,
cause
) confusion
among students.
4.
One of the files (is, are) missing.
4.
One of the files (
is
, are) missing.
5.
The main concern of swimmers who like to snorkel and
scuba dive in the islands (is, are) predatory fish.
5.
The main concern of swimmers who like to snorkel and
scuba dive in the islands (
is
, are) predatory fish.
6.
None of the protestors (was, were) arrested.
6.
None of the protestors (was,
were
) arrested.
7.
The profit from owning your own car dealership and credit
bureau (makes, make) you think twice before investing.
7.
The profit from owning your own car dealership and credit
bureau (
makes
, make) you think twice before investing.
8.
Jewelers and retailers (sells, sell) the rings in January.
8.
Jewelers and retailers (sells,
sell
) the rings in January.
9.
The measles (cause, causes) high fevers in young children.
9.
The measles (cause,
causes
) high fevers in young children.
10.
There (has, have) always been a reason for doing it this
way.
10.
There (
has
, have) always been a reason for doing it this
way.
11.
Enthusiasm and hard work (results, result) in success.
11.
Enthusiasm and hard work (results,
result
) in success.
12.
Either the wind or the waves (makes, make) that sound.
12.
Either the wind or the waves (makes,
make
) that sound.
13.
The islands in the Caribbean (is, are) very busy during
the height of the tourist season.
13.
The islands in the Caribbean (is,
are
) very busy during
the height of the tourist season.
14.
The restaurants and the band (donates, donate) their
services for the event.
14.
The restaurants and the band (donates,
donate
) their
services for the event.
15.
The preacher, in spite of his problems, (inspires, inspire)
the congregation.
15.
The preacher, in spite of his problems, (
inspires
, inspire)
the congregation.
Conjunctive Adverbs and
Transitional Phrases
■
Some common conjunctive adverbs (adverbial
conjunctions):
■
Addition: moreover, furthermore, further, also
■
Time: meanwhile, then, afterwards, previously
■
Contrast: however, instead, rather
■
Result: therefore, consequently, thus
■
Concession: though
■
Reinforcement: indeed, nevertheless, still
■
Difference between conjunctive adverbs and other
conjunctions:
■
Conjunctive adverbs are movable.
■
We worked hard for the Consumer Party candidates;
however
, we knew they didn’t stand a chance.
■
We worked hard for the Consumer Party candidates; we
knew,
however
, they didn’t stand a chance.
■
We worked hard for the Consumer Party candidates; we
knew they didn’t stand a chance,
however
.
Transitional/Prepositio
nal Phrases
■
They serve the same purpose as conjunctive adverbs.
■
Some common ones:
■
Addition: in addition to
■
Time: in the meantime
■
Contrast: in contrast, on the contrary
■
Concession: of course, at any rate, at least
■
Reinforcement: in fact, above all, in particular
■
Like conjunctive adverbs, many of these phrases can
move.
■
The campaign contributions we had been counting on
didn’t materialize;
in fact
, the campaign was broke.
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The campaign contributions we had been counting on
didn’t materialize; the campaign,
in fact
, was broke.
■
The campaign contributions we had been counting on
didn’t materialize; the campaign was broke,
in fact
.
This informative content delves into the concepts of coordination and parallelism in sentence structure, highlighting coordinating conjunctions, different types of conjunctions, examples of parallel structure, and the importance of maintaining parallelism in lists, series, comparisons, and contrasting elements. It also covers examples of noun phrases, dependent clauses, and independent clauses to enhance your understanding of these key elements in grammar.
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Coordinating conjunctions: conjunctions that link independent parts of sentences E.g. and, but, or We built a new snow fort and threw snowballs Robbie is mean, and I am not going to play with him anymore.
COORDINATION Most coordinations in a sentence result from compounding one or more of the sentence parts (the smallest units in a sentence) E.gs. (compounded subject) Gino s father and my uncle flew helicopters in Vietnam. (compounded predicate) The kids played outdoors all morning, but stayed inside all afternoon. (compounded direct object) He usually drinks a cappuccino or a latte before class.
Some Other Conjunctions For (can be either coordinating or subordinating) Yet / So (conjunctive adverbs like however) Neither / either (correlative conjunction) Normally a comma is not used with a coordinating conjunction when it joins a two-part compound within a sentence, but there are some exceptions: I didn t believe her, and said so. (special emphasis) The running back charged ahead, but missed the goal line by an inch. (introducing a contrast)
PARALLELISM A Coordinate structure is parallel only when the parts (when combined) are of the same form. Parallelism is required in lists and series; in compound structures; every kind of comparison, including those using than or as; contrasting elements. Parallel structures are usually connected with and, but, or, or nor and may be groups of single words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) or phrases or clauses within a sentence or headings within a document.
Some examples of parallel structure Subject of the sentence as nouns Depression and aggression are behaviors that many abused children exhibit. Prepositional phrase In love as in war, no holds are barred. Infinitive phrase I couldn t decide whether to pay my rent, to buy food, or to go to the movies.
Noun phrase: He had no time for school and no money for fun. Dependent clauses: Michiko told the judge that she had been pulled out of a line of fast-moving traffic and that she had a perfect driving record. Independent clauses: In matters of principle, stand like a rock; in matters of taste, swim with the current.
Now, look at the following sentence. Is there parallelism? Her complaints were boring, childish, and showed how ignorant she was. NO! The correct version: Her complaints were boring, childish, and ignorant. What about this sentence? She worked late in the evening not only to catch up on her studies, but also writing her paper. NO! The correct version: She worked hard late in the evening not only to catch up on her studies, but also to write her paper.
Coordination of the Series-- Punctuation If three or more components are present, we use a comma to separate the parallel coordinate elements: Among the lands on the frozen fringes of the Arctic Ocean are Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. If there are two, no commas: Among the lands on the frozen fringes of the Arctic Ocean are Alaska and Canada.
Exercise Underline the parallel structures and correct them. 1. Ireland s mountains are lush, green, and people find them attractive.
1. Irelands mountains are lush, green, and people find them attractive. Ireland s mountains are lush, green, and attractive.
2. seafood, clean air, and the beaches are really pretty. The coast has great
2. The coast has great seafood, clean air, and the beaches are really pretty. The coast has great seafood, clean air and pretty beaches.
3. Trevors eyesight causes him to squint when he reads the paper, and he has to almost close his eyes when he looks at the clock.
3. Trevors eyesight causes him to squint when he reads the paper, and he has to almost close his eyes when he looks at the clock. Trevor s eyesight causes him to squint when he reads the paper and when he looks at the clock.
4. These novels were banned in Europe during the 1940 s and they were burned during the same period.
4. These novels were banned in Europe during the 1940 s and they were burned during the same period. These novels were banned and burned in Europe during the 1940 s.
5. Her decision to move to New York reflected her new-found independence and she had a new perspective on life.
5. Her decision to move to New York reflected her new-found independence and she had a new perspective on life. Her decision to move to New York reflected her new-found independence and her new perspective on life.
6. I want to learn how to fly a plane, be a captain of a yacht, and how to speak Spanish.
6. I want to learn how to fly a plane, be a captain of a yacht, and how to speak Spanish. I want to learn how to fly a plane, to captain a yacht, and to speak Spanish.
7. Her critique of the play seemed innovative and to challenge us.
7. Her critique of the play seemed innovative and to challenge us. Her critique of the play seemed innovative and challenging to us.
8. Oliver has great taste in wines and he knows which foods are really good, too.
8. Oliver has great taste in wines and he knows which foods are really good, too. Oliver has great taste in wines and in food.
9. The resort has an excellent view of the lake for tourists, a landscaped track for joggers, and a luxurious yacht for people who like to snorkel.
9. The resort has an excellent view of the lake for tourists, a landscaped track for joggers, and a luxurious yacht for people who like to snorkel. The resort has an excellent view of the lake for tourists, a landscaped track for joggers, and a luxurious yacht for snorkelers.
Coordination with Correlative Conjunctions both and not only but also either or neither nor Such correlatives change the rhythm and focus of the sentence! E.g. Individuals and nations must learn to think about the environment. Both individuals and nations must learn to think about the environment. Use of both in the 2nd sentence shifts the emphasis from the predicate to the subject!
not only but also. As citizens of this global village, we must be concerned not only with our own health and safety but with the needs of others as well. As citizens of this global village, we must be concerned not only with our own health and safety but also with the needs of others. In the 2nd sentence the main focus is on also , not on others
neither nor / either or Neither individuals nor nations can afford to ignore what is happening to the environment. I should either spend more time studying or get a part-time job. Either I should spend more time studying, or I should get a part-time job. Don t forget parallelism here! I will either take the train or the bus. Verb Ph Noun Ph I will take either the train or the bus. Noun Ph Noun Phr
Subject-Verb Agreement The issue whether the subject of the sentence agrees with the predicate. E.g. My friends and relatives are coming to the wedding. Subject Predicate My mother was at the cinema last night. Subject Predicate My sister and brother are sleeping. Subject Predicate
neither nor / either or: Either the president or the vice president is going to introduce the speaker. Neither the speaker nor the listeners were intimidated by the protestors. Either the class officers or the faculty adviser makes the final decision. Either the faculty adviser or the class officers make the final decision.
Subject with a phrase (in addition to & along with) The sidewalk, in addition to the driveway, needs to be repaired. The sidewalk and the driveway need to be repaired. Mike, along with his friend Emilio, often helps out at the bakery on weekends. Mike and his friend Emilio often help out at the bakery on weekends.
Other Subject/Verb Agreements: The schedule of course and classes often bewilders new students. There is/are There were only fifteen children in the classroom. Collective nouns The faculty is hired in August for the next semester. Everyone Everyone works hard on this project.
Pronouns like none, enough, more, most, some, all, or half Enough of the stew was spilled to make a stain. Enough of the people were present to vote. False plurals Words like statistics, mathematics, economics and measles, news, etc are always singular The news is really bad. Relative pronouns It is good service that makes a restaurant great.
Exercise Choose the correct verb. 1. The daredevil among the teenagers (scares, scare) most parents. 1. The daredevil among the teenagers (scares, scare) most parents. 2. The dragon or the king (wins, win) the battle. 2. The dragon or the king (wins, win) the battle. 3. The many guidelines for the paper (causes, cause) confusion among students. 3. The many guidelines for the paper (causes, cause) confusion among students. 4. One of the files (is, are) missing. 4. One of the files (is, are) missing.
5. The main concern of swimmers who like to snorkel and scuba dive in the islands (is, are) predatory fish. 5. The main concern of swimmers who like to snorkel and scuba dive in the islands (is, are) predatory fish. 6. None of the protestors (was, were) arrested. 6. None of the protestors (was, were) arrested. 7. The profit from owning your own car dealership and credit bureau (makes, make) you think twice before investing. 7. The profit from owning your own car dealership and credit bureau (makes, make) you think twice before investing. 8. Jewelers and retailers (sells, sell) the rings in January. 8. Jewelers and retailers (sells, sell) the rings in January.
9. The measles (cause, causes) high fevers in young children. 9. The measles (cause, causes) high fevers in young children. 10. There (has, have) always been a reason for doing it this way. 10. There (has, have) always been a reason for doing it this way. 11. Enthusiasm and hard work (results, result) in success. 11. Enthusiasm and hard work (results, result) in success. 12. Either the wind or the waves (makes, make) that sound. 12. Either the wind or the waves (makes, make) that sound.
13. The islands in the Caribbean (is, are) very busy during the height of the tourist season. 13. The islands in the Caribbean (is, are) very busy during the height of the tourist season. 14. The restaurants and the band (donates, donate) their services for the event. 14. The restaurants and the band (donates, donate) their services for the event. 15. The preacher, in spite of his problems, (inspires, inspire) the congregation. 15. The preacher, in spite of his problems, (inspires, inspire) the congregation.
Conjunctive Adverbs and Transitional Phrases Some common conjunctive adverbs (adverbial conjunctions): Addition: moreover, furthermore, further, also Time: meanwhile, then, afterwards, previously Contrast: however, instead, rather Result: therefore, consequently, thus Concession: though Reinforcement: indeed, nevertheless, still
Difference between conjunctive adverbs and other conjunctions: Conjunctive adverbs are movable. We worked hard for the Consumer Party candidates; however, we knew they didn t stand a chance. We worked hard for the Consumer Party candidates; we knew, however, they didn t stand a chance. We worked hard for the Consumer Party candidates; we knew they didn t stand a chance, however.
