Conditional Sentences and Time Clauses
Unit 7 True or false
IV-
година
Made by
Марија Гаштаров
There are two parts to a conditional sentence –
t
h
e
c
c
o
o
n
n
d
d
i
i
t
t
i
i
o
o
n
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
r
e
e
s
s
u
u
l
l
t
t
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
"
r
r
e
e
a
a
l
l
c
c
o
o
n
n
d
d
i
i
t
t
i
i
o
o
n
n
a
a
l
l
s
s
"
(
w
h
i
c
h
t
a
l
k
a
b
o
u
t
r
e
a
l
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
)
a
n
d
"
u
u
n
n
r
r
e
e
a
a
l
l
c
c
o
o
n
n
d
d
i
i
t
t
i
i
o
o
n
n
a
a
l
l
s
s
"
(
w
h
i
c
h
t
a
l
k
a
b
o
u
t
i
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
o
r
i
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
)
.
H
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
o
f
e
a
c
h
t
y
p
e
:
CONDITIONALS
Real conditionals:
Real conditionals:
o
Zero Conditional
Zero Conditional
:
o
If someone
breaks
a window, an alarm
goes
off.
o
First Conditional
First Conditional
:
o
If I
miss
the bus tonight,
I'll take
a taxi instead.
Unreal conditionals:
Unreal conditionals:
o
Second Conditional
Second Conditional
:
If I
owned
a car, I
would drive
to work.
o
Third Conditional:
Third Conditional:
If I
had studied
harder, I
would have passed
the test.
o
Mixed Conditional:
Mixed Conditional:
If I
had finished
my work yesterday, I
wouldn't be
so stressed out today.
ZERO CONDITIONAL
I
f
y
o
u
d
o
n
’
t
w
a
t
e
r
f
l
o
w
e
r
s
,
t
h
e
y
d
i
e
.
CONDITION
RESULT
I
f
y
o
u
h
a
v
e
a
h
e
a
d
a
c
h
e
,
s
t
o
p
w
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
T
V
.
W
i
t
h
z
e
r
o
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
w
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
a
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
t
r
u
t
h
o
r
w
e
g
i
v
e
a
d
v
i
c
e
.
If clause:
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
S
I
M
P
L
E
,
M
a
i
n
c
l
a
u
s
e
:
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
S
I
M
P
L
E
o
r
I
M
P
E
R
A
T
I
V
E
U
s
e
o
f
“
I
f
”
(
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
)
v
s
“
W
h
e
n
”
(
t
i
m
e
c
l
a
u
s
e
s
)
I
f
I
h
a
v
e
a
d
a
y
o
f
f
f
r
o
m
w
o
r
k
,
I
u
s
u
a
l
l
y
g
o
t
o
t
h
e
p
a
r
k
.
(it implies that having a day off from work is not frequent)
W
h
e
n
I
g
o
t
o
m
y
f
a
v
o
r
i
t
e
r
e
s
t
a
u
r
a
n
t
,
t
h
e
w
a
i
t
e
r
s
g
r
e
e
t
m
e
b
y
n
a
m
e
.
(it implies that I go to this restaurant frequently)
The word
if
implies that a situation happens
less frequently
,
and the word
when
implies it happens
more frequently
:
FIRST CONDITIONAL
I
f
t
h
e
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
i
s
n
i
c
e
,
w
e
w
i
l
l
g
o
f
o
r
a
w
a
l
k
.
I
f
y
o
u
d
o
n
’
t
a
p
o
l
o
g
i
z
e
,
s
h
e
w
i
l
l
n
e
v
e
r
t
r
u
s
t
y
o
u
a
g
a
i
n
.
I
f
c
l
a
u
s
e
:
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
S
I
M
P
L
E
M
a
i
n
c
l
a
u
s
e
:
F
U
T
U
R
E
S
I
M
P
L
E
Unless
(=if not) is also possible.
Ex:
Unless
the weather is nice, we won’t go for a walk.
Unless
you apologize, she’ll never trust you again
Whereas the
zero conditional
talks about
real present situations
,
the
first conditional
talks about
real
future
possibilities
.
First Conditional: Real Future Possibilities
First Conditional: Real Future Possibilities
We can also reverse the order of the condition and result in the
sentence, with no change in meaning:
We'll go to the beach
if
it's sunny tomorrow.
We'll go to the movies
if
it rains tomorrow.
O
t
h
e
r
w
o
r
d
s
b
e
s
i
d
e
s
“
I
f
”
I
n
f
i
r
s
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
,
i
t
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
o
t
h
e
r
w
o
r
d
s
i
n
s
t
e
a
d
o
f
“
i
f
”
o
r
“
u
n
l
e
s
s
”
:
When, as soon as, by the time, the moment (that), until
When, as soon as, by the time, the moment (that), until
…
They are called
time clauses
but they have the same
structure as First Conditional Sentences.
o
As soon as
(to emphasize immediacy):
Ex: This situation is very urgent. I’ll call you as soon as I
have more information.
o
“
As long as
” or “
providing that
” mean “but only if”.
Compare:
They’ll succeed
but only if
they try hard.
They’ll succeed
as long as
they try hard.
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
t
i
m
e
!
N
o
w
c
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
o
p
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
v
e
r
b
:
1.
I
'
m
g
o
i
n
g
t
o
t
a
k
e
a
s
h
o
w
e
r
a
s
s
o
o
n
a
s
I
g
e
t
/
w
i
l
l
g
e
t
h
o
m
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
y
m
2.
U
n
l
e
s
s
I
f
i
n
d
/
w
i
l
l
f
i
n
d
m
y
w
a
t
c
h
,
I
h
a
v
e
/
I
'
l
l
h
a
v
e
t
o
b
u
y
a
n
e
w
o
n
e
.
3.
I
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
g
e
r
y
i
s
n
'
t
/
w
o
n
’
t
b
e
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
,
h
e
h
a
s
/
'
l
l
h
a
v
e
j
u
s
t
s
i
x
m
o
n
t
h
s
t
o
l
i
v
e
.
4.
Y
o
u
h
a
v
e
/
Y
o
u
’
l
l
h
a
v
e
a
g
r
e
a
t
t
i
m
e
i
f
y
o
u
g
o
/
y
o
u
’
l
l
g
o
t
o
R
i
o
.
5.
W
e
a
r
e
/
W
e
’
l
l
b
e
d
i
s
a
p
p
o
i
n
t
e
d
i
f
n
o
b
o
d
y
c
o
m
e
s
/
w
i
l
l
c
o
m
e
t
o
o
u
r
p
a
r
t
y
o
n
F
r
i
d
a
y
.
6.
I
f
y
o
u
f
o
r
g
e
t
/
y
o
u
’
l
l
f
o
r
g
e
t
y
o
u
r
w
i
f
e
'
s
b
i
r
t
h
d
a
y
n
e
x
t
w
e
e
k
,
s
h
e
i
s
/
s
h
e
’
l
l
b
e
u
p
s
e
t
.
7.
I
g
i
v
e
/
I
’
l
l
g
i
v
e
h
i
m
t
h
e
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
w
h
e
n
I
s
e
e
/
I
’
l
l
s
e
e
h
i
m
l
a
t
e
r
t
o
d
a
y
.
8.
W
h
e
n
I
g
e
t
/
w
i
l
l
g
e
t
m
a
r
r
i
e
d
,
I
h
a
v
e
/
I
’
m
g
o
i
n
g
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
w
e
d
d
i
n
g
.
S
U
M
M
A
R
Y
:
R
e
a
l
C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
•
Conditionals are sentences in which one thing depends on
another.
•
Use the
zero conditional
for things that happen regularly in
daily life -
"If you freeze water, it turns to ice."
Both verbs
are in the
present simple
.
•
The word
if
implies that a situation happens
less frequently
,
and the word
when
implies it happens
more frequently
.
•
Use the
first conditional
for things that are real possibilities
in the
future
:
"If it's sunny tomorrow, then we'll go to the
beach."
Although both events are technically in the future,
we use the
present simple
in the condition, and
will/going
to
in the result.
•
You can use
when
instead of
if
when the condition
will
definitely
happen in the future.
•
Use
as soon as
to emphasize that the result will
immediately
follow the condition
•
Use
unless
in place of "
if not
.“
•
Use
as long as
or
providing that
to emphasize
the condition. It means “but only if”.
S
U
M
M
A
R
Y
Unreal Conditionals
They are used to talk about imaginary, unlikely, or impossible
situations in the present and past:
•
Second Conditional:
If I
owned
a car, I
would drive
to work.
(imagining things are different in the present)
•
Third Conditional:
If I
had studied
harder, I
would have passed
last week’s test.
(imagining things were different in the past)
•
Mixed Conditional:
If I
had finished
my work yesterday, I
wouldn't be
so stressed
out today.
(mix of times - imagining something different in the past having a
different result in the present)
Imagining the
Present
were different
One simple way to imagine that things in the
present were different is to use
w
w
i
i
s
s
h
h
+
+
p
p
a
a
s
s
t
t
s
s
i
i
m
m
p
p
l
l
e
e
(
(
o
o
j
j
a
a
l
l
á
á
…
…
)
)
Example
:
I
l
i
v
e
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
b
e
a
c
h
,
b
u
t
I
w
i
s
h
I
l
i
v
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s
.
M
y
b
o
y
f
r
i
e
n
d
i
s
s
o
b
u
s
y
t
h
a
t
h
e
h
a
s
n
o
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
m
e
.
I
w
i
s
h
h
e
d
i
d
n
’
t
w
o
r
k
s
o
m
u
c
h
.
Second conditional
N
o
w
w
e
'
l
l
t
a
k
e
t
h
o
s
e
w
i
s
h
e
s
o
n
e
s
t
e
p
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
i
m
a
g
i
n
e
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
;
i
m
a
g
i
n
e
w
h
a
t
w
o
u
l
d
h
a
p
p
e
n
i
f
t
h
e
y
w
e
r
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
t
r
u
e
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
:
Example:
I
f
I
l
i
v
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s
,
I
w
o
u
l
d
g
o
h
i
k
i
n
g
e
v
e
r
y
w
e
e
k
e
n
d
.
I
f
m
y
b
o
y
f
r
i
e
n
d
d
i
d
n
’
t
w
o
r
k
s
o
m
u
c
h
,
w
e
'
d
g
o
o
u
t
more often.
Second Conditional
If I
had
a lot of money, I
would buy
a big house.
Condition
Result
If I
knew
his number, I
would (I’d) phone
him.
i
f
-
c
l
a
u
s
e
:
P
A
S
T
S
I
M
P
L
E
T
E
N
S
E
m
a
i
n
c
l
a
u
s
e
:
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
A
L
S
I
M
P
L
E
w
o
u
l
d
/
m
i
g
h
t
/
c
o
u
l
d
+
i
n
f
i
n
i
t
i
v
e
We use
might
when the result may or may not happen:
Ex:
If Peter
asked
Karen out, she
might say
yes... or she
might say
no.
We use
would
when the result is more definite or certain.
Ex: If Peter
asked
Karen out, she
would say
yes.
We use
could
to talk about possibilities or abilities.
Ex: If I
had
a million dollars, I
could
buy a helicopter,
I
could
live in a mansion, I
could
quit my job….
One final note on Second Conditional
Which is correct?
If I was rich, I’d buy a boat. Or If I were rich, I’d buy a boat.
If Dana was here right now, she’d agree.
If Dana
were here right now, she’d agree.
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
l
y
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
a
n
s
w
e
r
i
s
w
e
r
e
i
n
b
o
t
h
c
a
s
e
s
…
e
v
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
s
s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r
,
w
e
u
s
e
w
e
r
e
w
h
e
n
t
a
l
k
i
n
g
a
b
o
u
t
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
,
m
o
r
e
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
p
e
o
p
l
e
a
r
e
s
a
y
i
n
g
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
l
i
k
e
t
h
e
s
e
w
i
t
h
w
a
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
s
s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r
.
I
t
’
s
n
o
t
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
,
b
u
t
i
t
i
s
c
o
m
m
o
n
.
T
o
b
e
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
f
e
s
i
d
e
,
i
t
’
s
b
e
s
t
t
o
s
t
i
c
k
w
i
t
h
w
e
r
e
!
One very common phrase for giving advice is in the
second conditional
: “If I were you, I’d…”
Jack wants to buy a house but he can’t do
this because he doesn’t have any money.
If I
had
a lot of money,
I
would buy
a big house.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
I wish I …
I wish I had a lot of money to buy a
house.
Susan wants to phone Paul but she can’t do
this because she doesn’t know his number.
If I
knew
his number,
I
would phone
him.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
I wish…
I wish I knew his number…
Practise time! 2
nd
conditional
C
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
t
h
e
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
v
e
r
b
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
t
e
n
s
e
s
.
P
a
y
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
i
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
w
h
i
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
!
W
h
e
n
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
b
b
r
e
v
i
a
t
e
“
w
o
u
l
d
”
t
o
“
‘
d
”
.
a)
If you _____(eat) a healthy breakfast, you __________
(have) more energy.
b)
I ___________ (call) him if I ___________ (have) his
number.
c)
If he __________ (be) more organized, he
__________________ (not forget) so many things.
d)
How long _________________ (it take) if we
__________ (hire) someone to do this work?
ate
‘d have
had
‘d call
were
wouldn’t forget
would it take
hired
FIRST v. SECOND CONDITIONAL
T
H
E
D
I
F
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
:
F
I
R
S
T
a
n
d
S
E
C
O
N
D
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
A
L
B
o
t
h
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
r
e
f
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
s
a
b
o
u
t
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
n
o
t
t
i
m
e
.
First conditional:
real and possible
situations
Second conditional:
unlikely
to happen
If John
runs
fast, he
will win
the race.
If John
ran
fast, he
would win
the race.
This is still
possible
to happen.
This is
unlikely
to happen because John doesn’t run fast.
Third Conditional – Imagining that
the PAST had been different
Let's imagine a different past using
wish
. For
hypothetical past situations, use
wish + past perfect (had + p. part)
wish + past perfect (had + p. part)
Examples
:
I
was
late for work today.
I wish I had woken
up 15
minutes earlier.
I wish I hadn’t eaten
that seafood yesterday – it
made
me sick.
This is used to express
regret
(such as for eating that seafood)
or
past situations you wanted to be different (
such as
wishing you had woken up earlier).
THIRD CONDITIONAL
If I
had woken
up 15 minutes earlier, I
would have arrived
on time.
If I
hadn’t eaten
that seafood yesterday, I
wouldn’t have got
sick.
i
f
-
c
l
a
u
s
e
:
P
A
S
T
P
E
R
F
E
C
T
S
I
M
P
L
E
h
a
d
+
p
a
s
t
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
l
e
m
a
i
n
c
l
a
u
s
e
:
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
A
L
P
E
R
F
E
C
T
w
o
u
l
d
/
c
o
u
l
d
/
m
i
g
h
t
+
h
a
v
e
+
p
.
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
l
e
T
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
t
h
e
p
a
s
t
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
n
o
t
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
f
a
c
t
s
.
I
t
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
Other examples:
If we
had brought
our camera, we
might have taken
a picture.
Sarah
could have learnt
French if she
had taken
lessons.
Now we'll take those wishes one step further – imagining the result, in
the past, if that past situation had been different:
THIRD CONDITIONAL
Jack wanted to buy a house
last year
but he
couldn’t do that because he didn’t have any money.
If I
had had
a lot of money,
I
would have bought
a big house.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
Yesterday
, Susan wanted to phone Paul but she
couldn’t do that because she didn’t know his number.
If I
had known
his number,
I
would have phoned
him.
SECOND v. THIRD CONDITIONAL
T
H
E
D
I
F
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
:
S
E
C
O
N
D
a
n
d
T
H
I
R
D
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
A
L
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
i
m
e
.
Second conditional: refers to the present and future.
Third conditional: refers to the past situations.
If I
saw
a car accident,
I
would
call
an ambulance
.
If I
had seen
a car accident,
I
would have
call
ed
an ambulance
.
But I don’t see an accident now. This is unlikely to happen
.
But I didn’t see an accident yesterday.
A bit of rephrasing…
a)
I’m not rich so I don’t travel a lot. => If I…
If I were rich, I’d travel a lot.
b) She didn’t wake up early, so she missed the train. =>
If she
the train.
If she had woken up earlier, she wouldn’t have missed the train.
c) I didn’t call you because I came back really late. =>
I
earlier.
I would have called you if I had come back earlier.
d) He doesn’t have a job, that’s why he can’t buy a house. =>
If he …
If he had a job, he would be able to buy a house.
e) He had that terrible accident because he wasn’t careful. =>
If he
accident.
If he had been careful, he wouldn’t have had that terrible accident.
e) I didn’t work hard, so I didn’t pass the exam. =>
If I
the exam.
If I had worked hard, I would have passed the exam.
f) They can’t live in this country because they can’t find a job here.
=>They
a job here.
They’d live in this country if they found a job here.
g) Visiting Israel won’t be possible without a visa. =>
Unless you
Israel.
Unless you have a visa, you won’t be able to visit Israel / it will be
impossible to visit Israel.
ALL CONDITIONALS
0. If
it
rains
, the grass
gets
wet.
General time reference.
1. If
it
rains
today, you
will get
wet
(you don’t have an umbrella)
.
This is still possible to happen.
2. If
it
rained
, you
would get
wet.
But the sky is blue. This is unlikely to happen.
3. If
it
had rained
yesterday, you
would have got
wet.
But it didn’t rain, so you didn’t get wet.(past situation)
WISH – IF ONLY…
Remember
: We use “
wish
” to describe situations that we wish
were different, or that we are sorry about. It’s usually translate
by “desearía, me gustaría” or “ojalá”. It’s followed by a that-
clause (although “that” can be omitted).
“
If only
” has the same meaning as “I wish” but it’s more
emphatic. Its equivalent in Spanish is “ojalá” (whatever the object
is) or “si al menos”. The clause with “if only” often stands alone,
without a main clause.
W
I
S
H
–
I
F
O
N
L
Y
…
(
2
)
Both “
wish
” and “
if only
” can be used with:
a
)
P
a
s
t
s
i
m
p
l
e
(
t
o
t
a
l
k
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
v
e
n
t
s
.
I
t
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
s
r
e
g
r
e
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
i
n
g
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
)
:
I
w
i
s
h
/
I
f
o
n
l
y
I
h
a
d
a
b
e
t
t
e
r
j
o
b
.
I
w
i
s
h
I
w
a
s
t
a
l
l
e
r
.
R
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
!
T
o
b
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
a
s
t
:
a
l
w
a
y
s
“
w
e
r
e
”
:
I
w
i
s
h
w
e
r
e
t
h
a
t
s
i
m
p
l
e
!
b
)
P
a
s
t
P
e
r
f
e
c
t
(
t
o
t
a
l
k
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
a
s
t
a
n
d
i
t
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
s
r
e
g
r
e
t
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
.
)
Oh,
I wasn’t expecting you. I wish you had called before coming over.
If only she hadn’t told the police, everything would have been all right.
c
)
C
o
u
l
d
/
W
o
u
l
d
+
i
n
f
i
n
i
t
i
v
e
(
W
e
’
r
e
n
o
t
h
a
p
p
y
a
b
o
u
t
a
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
r
e
g
r
e
t
,
a
n
n
o
y
a
n
c
e
)
a
n
d
w
e
w
i
s
h
i
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
)
.
I wish I could afford it. If only it would stop raining!
Everybody wishes you would go home. (Why don’t you go home?)
If the subject is “I” or ”we” => “could” is often used.
I wish our sales would improve <=> I wish we could go together.
Thanks to Shayna Oliveira (Advance Grammar Course
www.espressoenglish.net). Her book has been a great help!
Conditional sentences are divided into real and unreal scenarios. Real conditionals, like zero and first conditionals, express present or future possibilities, while unreal conditionals, such as second and third conditionals, discuss imaginary or impossible situations. The use of "if" indicates less frequent events, whereas "when" implies more frequent occurrences. The first conditional focuses on real future possibilities, allowing for the option to reverse the condition and result without changing the meaning.
Uploaded on Sep 18, 2024 | 1 Views
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
CONDITIONALS WISH IF ONLY TIME CLAUSES Unit 7 True or false IV- Made by
CONDITIONALS There are two parts to a conditional sentence the condition and the result. The result depends on the condition. In English, we have "real conditionals" (which talk about real possibilities) and "unreal conditionals" (which talk about imaginary or impossible situations). Here are some examples of each type:
Real conditionals: o Zero Conditional: o If someone breaks a window, an alarm goes off. o First Conditional: o If I miss the bus tonight, I'll take a taxi instead. Unreal conditionals: o Second Conditional: If I owned a car, I would drive to work. o Third Conditional: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test. o Mixed Conditional: If I had finished my work yesterday, I wouldn't be so stressed out today.
ZERO CONDITIONAL If you don t water flowers, they die. CONDITION RESULT If you have a headache, stop watching TV. Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE or IMPERATIVE If clause: PRESENT SIMPLE, With zero conditional, we express a general truth or we give advice.
Use of If (condition) vs When (time clauses) The word if implies that a situation happens less frequently, and the word when implies it happens more frequently: If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the park. (it implies that having a day off from work is not frequent) When I go to my favorite restaurant, the waiters greet me by name. (it implies that I go to this restaurant frequently)
FIRST CONDITIONAL Whereas the zero conditional talks about real present situations, the first conditional talks about real future possibilities. If the weather is nice, we will go for a walk. If you don t apologize, she will never trust you again. If clause: PRESENT SIMPLE Main clause: FUTURE SIMPLE Unless (=if not) is also possible. Ex: Unless the weather is nice, we won t go for a walk. Unless you apologize, she ll never trust you again
First Conditional: Real Future Possibilities We can also reverse the order of the condition and result in the sentence, with no change in meaning: We'll go to the beach if it's sunny tomorrow. We'll go to the movies if it rains tomorrow.
Other words besides If In first conditional sentences, it is possible to use other words instead of if or unless : o As long as or providing that mean but only if . Compare: They ll succeed but only if they try hard. They ll succeed as long as they try hard. o As soon as (to emphasize immediacy): Ex: This situation is very urgent. I ll call you as soon as I have more information. When, as soon as, by the time, the moment (that), until They are called time clauses but they have the same structure as First Conditional Sentences.
Practice time! Now choose the correct option for each verb: 1. I'm going to take a shower as soon as I get / will get home from the gym Unless I find/ will find my watch, I have / I'll have to buy a new one. If the surgery isn't / won t be successful, he has / 'll have just six months to live. You have / You ll have a great time if you go / you ll go to Rio. 5. We are / We ll be disappointed if nobody comes / will come to our party on Friday. If you forget / you ll forget your wife's birthday next week, she is / she ll be upset. 7. I give / I ll give him the documents when I see / I ll see him later today. When I get / will get married, I have / I m going to have a simple wedding. 2. 3. 4. 6. 8.
SUMMARY: Real Conditionals Conditionals are sentences in which one thing depends on another. Use the zero conditional for things that happen regularly in daily life - "If you freeze water, it turns to ice." Both verbs are in the present simple . The word if implies that a situation happens less frequently, and the word when implies it happens more frequently. Use the first conditional for things that are real possibilities in the future: "If it's sunny tomorrow, then we'll go to the beach." Although both events are technically in the future, we use the present simple in the condition, and will/going to in the result.
SUMMARY You can use when instead of if when the condition will definitely happen in the future. Use as soon as to emphasize that the result will immediately follow the condition Use unless in place of "if not. Use as long as or providing that to emphasize the condition. It means but only if .
Unreal Conditionals They are used to talk about imaginary, unlikely, or impossible situations in the present and past: Second Conditional: If I owned a car, I would drive to work. (imagining things are different in the present) Third Conditional: If I had studied harder, I would have passed last week s test. (imagining things were different in the past) Mixed Conditional: If I had finished my work yesterday, I wouldn't be so stressed out today. (mix of times - imagining something different in the past having a different result in the present)
Imagining the Present were different One simple way to imagine that things in the present were different is to use wish + past simple (ojal ) Example: I live near the beach, but I wish I lived near the mountains. My boyfriend is so busy that he has no time for me. I wish he didn t work so much.
Second conditional Now we'll take those wishes one step further and imagine the result; imagine what would happen if they were currently true. This is the second conditional: Example: If I lived near the mountains, I would go hiking every weekend. If my boyfriend didn t work so much, we'd go out more often.
Second Conditional If I had a lot of money, I would buy a big house. Condition Result If I knew his number, I would (I d) phone him. main clause: CONDITIONAL SIMPLE would / might / could + infinitive if-clause: PAST SIMPLE TENSE We use would when the result is more definite or certain. Ex: If Peter asked Karen out, she would say yes. We use might when the result may or may not happen: Ex: If Peter asked Karen out, she might say yes... or she might say no. We use could to talk about possibilities or abilities. Ex: If I had a million dollars, I could buy a helicopter, I could live in a mansion, I could quit my job .
One final note on Second Conditional Which is correct? If I was rich, I d buy a boat. Or If I were rich, I d buy a boat. If Dana was here right now, she d agree. If Dana were here right now, she d agree. Technically the correct answer is were in both cases even though the subject is singular, we use were when talking about hypothetical situations. However, informally, more and more people are saying sentences like these with was when the subject is singular. It s not correct, but it is common. To be on the safe side, it s best to stick with were! One very common phrase for giving advice is in the second conditional: If I were you, I d
SECOND CONDITIONAL Jack wants to buy a house but he can t do this because he doesn t have any money. If I had a lot of money, I would buy a big house. I wish I I wish I had a lot of money to buy a house.
SECOND CONDITIONAL Susan wants to phone Paul but she can t do this because she doesn t know his number. If I knew his number, I would phone him. I wish I wish I knew his number
Practise time! 2ndconditional Complete the sentences with the verbs in the correct tenses. Pay careful attention to which part of the sentence is the condition, and which part is the result! When possible, abbreviate would to d . ate d have a) If you _____(eat) a healthy breakfast, you __________ (have) more energy. d call had b) I ___________ (call) him if I ___________ (have) his number. were wouldn t forget would it take hired c) If he __________ (be) more organized, he __________________ (not forget) so many things. d) How long _________________ (it take) if we __________ (hire) someone to do this work?
FIRST v. SECOND CONDITIONAL If John runs fast, he will win the race. This is still possible to happen. If John ran fast, he would win the race. This is unlikely to happen because John doesn t run fast. THE DIFFERENCE: FIRST and SECOND CONDITIONAL Both conditionals refer to the present and future. The difference is about probability, not time. First conditional: real and possible situations Second conditional: unlikely to happen
Third Conditional Imagining that the PAST had been different Let's hypothetical past situations, use wish + past perfect (had + p. part) imagine a different past using wish. For Examples: I was late for work today. I wish I had woken up 15 minutes earlier. I wish I hadn t eaten that seafood yesterday it made me sick. This is used to express regret (such as for eating that seafood) or past situations you wanted to be different (such as wishing you had woken up earlier).
THIRD CONDITIONAL Now we'll take those wishes one step further imagining the result, in the past, if that past situation had been different: If I had woken up 15 minutes earlier, I would have arrived on time. If I hadn t eaten that seafood yesterday, I wouldn t have got sick. if-clause: PAST PERFECT SIMPLE had + past participle main clause: CONDITIONAL PERFECT would / could / might + have + p. participle Other examples: If we had brought our camera, we might have taken a picture. Sarah could have learnt French if she had taken lessons. The third conditional refers to the past and it is not based on facts. It expresses an impossible situation.
THIRD CONDITIONAL Jack wanted to buy a house last year but he couldn t do that because he didn t have any money. If I had had a lot of money, I would have bought a big house.
THIRD CONDITIONAL Yesterday, Susan wanted to phone Paul but she couldn t do that because she didn t know his number. If I had known his number, I would have phoned him.
SECOND v. THIRD CONDITIONAL If I saw a car accident, I would call an ambulance. But I don t see an accident now. This is unlikely to happen. If I had seen a car accident, I would have called an ambulance. But I didn t see an accident yesterday. THE DIFFERENCE: SECOND and THIRD CONDITIONAL The difference is about time. Second conditional: refers to the present and future. Third conditional: refers to the past situations.
A bit of rephrasing a) I m not rich so I don t travel a lot. => If I If I were rich, I d travel a lot. b) She didn t wake up early, so she missed the train. => If she the train. If she had woken up earlier, she wouldn t have missed the train. c) I didn t call you because I came back really late. => I earlier. I would have called you if I had come back earlier. d) He doesn t have a job, that s why he can t buy a house. => If he If he had a job, he would be able to buy a house.
e) He had that terrible accident because he wasnt careful. => If he accident. If he had been careful, he wouldn t have had that terrible accident. e) I didn t work hard, so I didn t pass the exam. => If I the exam. If I had worked hard, I would have passed the exam. f) They can t live in this country because they can t find a job here. =>They a job here. They d live in this country if they found a job here. g) Visiting Israel won t be possible without a visa. => Unless you Israel. Unless you have a visa, you won t be able to visit Israel / it will be impossible to visit Israel.
ALL CONDITIONALS 0. If it rains, the grass gets wet. General time reference. 1. If it rains today, you will get wet (you don t have an umbrella). This is still possible to happen. 2. If it rained, you would get wet. But the sky is blue. This is unlikely to happen. 3. If it had rained yesterday, you would have got wet. But it didn t rain, so you didn t get wet.(past situation)
WISH IF ONLY Remember: We use wish to describe situations that we wish were different, or that we are sorry about. It s usually translate by desear a, me gustar a or ojal . It s followed by a that- clause (although that can be omitted). If only has the same meaning as I wish but it s more emphatic. Its equivalent in Spanish is ojal (whatever the object is) or si al menos . The clause with if only often stands alone, without a main clause.
WISH IF ONLY (2) Both wish and if only can be used with: a) Past simple (to talk about the present events. It expresses regret that things are not different) : I wish / If only I had a better job. I wish I was taller. Remember! To be in the past: always were : I wish were that simple! b) Past Perfect (to talk about the past and it expresses regret about them.) Oh, I wasn t expecting you. I wish you had called before coming over. If only she hadn t told the police, everything would have been all right. c) Could / Would + infinitive (We re not happy about a situation (regret, annoyance) and we wish it changes in the future). I wish I could afford it. If only it would stop raining! Everybody wishes you would go home. (Why don t you go home?) If the subject is I or we => could is often used. I wish our sales would improve <=> I wish we could go together.
Thanks to Shayna Oliveira (Advance Grammar Course www.espressoenglish.net). Her book has been a great help!
