-Cohesion is there in the text
C
o
h
e
s
i
o
n
&
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
-
Cohesion is
structural
-
Coherence is related to
meaning
-
Cohesion is there
in the text
-
Coherence is “
added
” by the reader
-
Readers try to make sense of what they read
(depending on word knowledge & world
knowledge)
-
This is applicable to ‘odd’ as well as regular texts
Speech Events
•
Activities in which language is used.
•
They differ in terms of:
•
Participants’ roles ( e.g. teacher, priest, actor, etc.)
•
Ways of conducting them ( e.g. lecture, ceremony,
etc.)
•
Degree of formality (e.g. lecture vs. intimate
friends’ conversation)
Conversation Analysis
•
One branch of
DA
is
CA.
•
Conversation is a
cooperative
activity
•
It is conducted in turns ( culturally varied)
•
Turn-taking and turn-giving
•
Signalling an end of the turn = completion
points
•
Can be marked by different techniques
Completion Points
•
To indicate a completion of a turn a speaker can
for example:
1- Ask a question
2- Pause at the end of a syntactic unit (phrase or
clause)
•
To take the turn of speaking:
1- Make short sounds
2- Use body shift or facial expressions
H
o
l
d
i
n
g
a
T
u
r
n
•
To hold a turn a speaker can:
1-Avoid pausing at completed structures
2- Pausing where a structure is not
completed
3- Using fillers to bridge the pauses ( egg.
Err. Umm, etc.)
Adjacency Pairs
•
Pairs of sequences that make a usual pattern,
such as :
•
Question – Answer
•
Invitation – Acceptance
•
Offer – Refusal
•
Preferred vs. dispreferred
•
Invitation – acceptance ( preferred)
•
Invitation- refusal (dispreferred)
The Cooperative Principle
•
The assumption that we cooperate in order to
conduct successful conversation
•
Explained in four maxims:
1- Quantity ( NO MORE, NO LESS)
2- Quality ( TRUE AND EVIDENT)
3- Relevance ( RELEVANT)
4- Manner ( ORDERLY & CLEAR)
Hedges
•
A
hedge
is an expression which weakens
a speaker’s commitment to some aspect
of an assertion, or to abide by the
politeness principle.
•
Examples:
•
I Think
•
It might be the case
•
Kind of
Implicature
•
A meaning that is implied rather than stated.
•
E.G.
•
Will you come?
•
I am busy. = I will not come
•
Background Knowledge
•
We can understand each other depending on
our background knowledge in addition to
knowledge of language.
•
Back ground Knowledge = Schemas & Scripts
•
Schema
= A memory image of outer world things;
part of the schema of a restaurant are: waiter,
menu, tables, food, etc.
Scripts are sequences of conducting an event
Think of a wedding ceremony, for example.
An exam, for e.g., follows a certain procedure.
Entering a hall; being given answer sheets;
question sheets, reading questions, thinking,
writing answers, handing in your answer sheet,
etc.
This content delves into the structural aspect of cohesion and the meaning-related coherence in texts. It explores speech events, conversation analysis, completion points, holding a turn, adjacency pairs, the cooperative principle, and hedges in communication. Readers gain insights into participants' roles, ways of conducting speech events, and cooperative conversational norms.
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Presentation Transcript
Cohesion & Coherence -Cohesion is structural -Coherence is related to meaning -Cohesion is there in the text -Coherence is added by the reader -Readers try to make sense of what they read (depending on word knowledge & world knowledge) -This is applicable to odd as well as regular texts
Speech Events Activities in which language is used. They differ in terms of: Participants roles ( e.g. teacher, priest, actor, etc.) Ways of conducting them ( e.g. lecture, ceremony, etc.) Degree of formality (e.g. lecture vs. intimate friends conversation)
Conversation Analysis One branch of DA is CA. Conversation is a cooperative activity It is conducted in turns ( culturally varied) Turn-taking and turn-giving Signalling an end of the turn = completion points Can be marked by different techniques
Completion Points To indicate a completion of a turn a speaker can for example: 1- Ask a question 2- Pause at the end of a syntactic unit (phrase or clause) To take the turn of speaking: 1- Make short sounds 2- Use body shift or facial expressions
Holding a Turn To hold a turn a speaker can: 1-Avoid pausing at completed structures 2- Pausing where a structure is not completed 3- Using fillers to bridge the pauses ( egg. Err. Umm, etc.)
Adjacency Pairs Pairs of sequences that make a usual pattern, such as : Question Answer Invitation Acceptance Offer Refusal Preferred vs. dispreferred Invitation acceptance ( preferred) Invitation- refusal (dispreferred)
The Cooperative Principle The assumption that we cooperate in order to conduct successful conversation Explained in four maxims: 1- Quantity ( NO MORE, NO LESS) 2- Quality ( TRUE AND EVIDENT) 3- Relevance ( RELEVANT) 4- Manner ( ORDERLY & CLEAR)
Hedges A hedge is an expression which weakens a speaker s commitment to some aspect of an assertion, or to abide by the politeness principle. Examples: I Think It might be the case Kind of
Implicature A meaning that is implied rather than stated. E.G. Will you come? I am busy. = I will not come Background Knowledge We can understand each other depending on our background knowledge in addition to knowledge of language. Back ground Knowledge = Schemas & Scripts
Schema = A memory image of outer world things; part of the schema of a restaurant are: waiter, menu, tables, food, etc. Scripts are sequences of conducting an event Think of a wedding ceremony, for example. An exam, for e.g., follows a certain procedure. Entering a hall; being given answer sheets; question sheets, reading questions, thinking, writing answers, handing in your answer sheet, etc.
