Cellular Transport and the Role of Cell Membrane

Explore the process of cellular transport, where materials are exchanged between organisms and their environments. Discover the types of materials transported into and out of cells, from water to waste materials. Delve into the significance of the cell membrane as the final point of transfer and its role in regulating what enters and leaves cells. Gain insights into the structure of the cell membrane and its importance in supporting cell functions.

• Cellular transport
• Cell membrane
• Materials exchange
• Organisms
• Cell structure

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1. CP Biology 2013 Cellular Transport The keys to moving materials into and out of cells

2. Introduction to Cell Transport What is Transport? Name of the life process in which materials are exchanged between an organism and its environment

3. What types of materials need to be transported into/out of living cells? INTO Cells OUT of Cells Water Glucose Salt Ions Lipids Amino Acids Carbon Dioxide Waste Materials Ions Water

4. Simple and Complex Can be as simple as moving materials between one celled organism and its environment OR As complex as the transport systems in higher organsims Like Us! (Humans)

5. In any case below, the FINAL POINT OF TRANSFER IS: The Cell Membrane

6. All cells live at least PARTLY in touch with WATER Water-based (aqueous) solutions In or Out Substances must cross the cell membrane between the water-based solution on the OUTSIDE of the cell (environment) OR the water based solution INSIDE of the cell (cytosol/cell solution)

7. Think Which organisms have a cell wall Plants What polysaccharide makes up cell walls? cellulose Do all cells contain a cell membrain? YES

8. Boundaries Some organisms have cell walls, whereas ALL CELLS contain a cell membrane. The cell membrane is usually made up of: Double-layered Sheet LIPID BILAYER Phospholipid Bilayer Flexible structure Forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings.

9. What does the cell membrane regulate? What enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell.

11. Properties of Lipids 2 main portions Hydrophilic Head Polar Phosphate Group This is the part of the molecule that is ATTRACTED to water ( water loving ) Only 1 Hydrophobic Tail Hydrophobic fatty acid tails Nonpolar/Oily regions are NOT attracted to water ( water hating) 2 tails!

12. When these lipids are mixed with water, their hydrophobic fatty acid tails cluster together while their hydrophilic heads are attracted to water. A lipid bilayer is the result

13. In the bilayer, which parts of the phospholipids are exposed to the OUTSIDE of the cell (environment) ? Heads Hydrophilic Heads!

14. What happens to the fatty acid tails? They cluster together AWAY from the water and form an OILY layer INSIDE the membrane

15. Fluid Mosaic Model

16. Fluid Mosaic Model Protein molecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of most cell membranes. Because the protein molecules can move around and "float" among the lipids, and because so many different kinds of molecules make up the cell membrane, scientists describe the membrane as a fluid mosaic.

17. What are these different molecules doing? PROTEINS CARBOHYDRATES Many act like chemical identification cards, allowing individual cells to identify one another. Form channels/pumps to help move material across the cell membrane. Attach directly to the cytoskeleton, enabling cells to respond to their environment by using their membranes to help move/change shape

18. Some materials are allowed to enter and leave the cell some are NOT! Selectively Permeable All cells need to constantly exchange materials with its environment Many of these materials/substances can cross biological membranes freely. HOWEVER Some are too large or too strongly charged to pass across the cell membrane Also known as Semipermeable

19. What does it mean if we say that a membrane is IMPERMEABLE to a substance? The substance CANNOT pass across the membrane.

20. Most biological membranes are selectively permeable, which means Some substances can pass across the membrane and others cannot! - aka- SEMIPERMEABLE-

21. How would the following materials move through the cell membrane? moves easily by osmosis Water move easily across membrane because very small Small Molecules (O2, CO2) charged particles don't move as easily because of charges may or not move easily - depends on molecule and cell. If the cell needs to move it, it will find a mechanism to do so! Any other particles that the cell must have to survive

22. Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Section 7.3 The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

23. One of the most important functions of the cell membrane Is to keep the cell s internal conditions relatively constant MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS The cell must control the transport of materials into/out of the cell Passive Transport Includes: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis

24. All matter contains a certain amount of heat This heat causes molecules to spread out into the available space. Particles are moving constantly Due to kinetic energy

25. How does heating a liquid affect the movement of solutes and solvents It speeds the movement of the particles It INCREASES the Kinetic Energy

26. 2 examples of solutions (Solutes in a solvent) Particles in Liquid (slower) Tea in water Sugar in sports drink Chlorine in pool water Particles in Air (fast) Perfume Food Cooking Foul Odors Every living cell exists in a liquid environment, therefore we can look at the movement of molecules between the solution INSIDE the cell and the solution OUTSIDE the cell.

27. Click Me! Passive Transport - Diffusion Click Me! As a result of molecules moving constantly, colliding with one another and spreading out randomly, the particles tend to move from an area where they are MORE concentrated to an area where they are LESS concentrated.

28. Concentration The amount of particles in a given area (solution) in relation to other particles Often expressed as a % Usually the amount of solute PER unit solvent.

29. Diffusion The process by which particles move from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOWER concentration Process of diffusion drives the movement of many molecules which move across the cell membrane

30. Suppose a substance is present in UNEQUAL amounts on either side of a cell membrane If the substance can cross the membrane the particles will tend to move toward the area where it is ___________ concentrated until it is ___________ distributed. LESS EVENLY

31. Concentration Gradient Condition in which the concentrations of particles in 2 given areas are DIFFERENT Note: each molecule has its own concentration gradient in any given solution

32. When a solute is first added to a solvent, the concentration gradient is high. After the solute spreads out, the concentration gradient is low (or nonexistant). In diffusion, molecules move "down" or "with" the concentration gradient, from higher concentration to lower concentration.

33. What will happen to the concentration gradient over time as diffusion continues? high gradient low gradient no gradient

34. Once the concentration of the substance on both sides of the cell membrane is the same Equilibrium is reached Particles of the solution will continue to move across the membrane in almost equal numbers So there is no further net change to the concentration of the solutions inside or outside the cell.

35. Dynamic Equilibrium condition in which the concentrations of solute particles in a given area is equal throughout the entire area. NO CONCENTRATION GRADIENT REMAINS. ("no net movement")

36. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, diffusion is equal in all directions. Do the molecules in the solution stop moving? No they are moving equally in all directions

37. Passive Transport the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

38. Facilitated Diffusion Molecules which pass most easily through the cell membrane tend to be small and uncharged, allowing them to dissolve easily in the membrane's lipid environment. However, some substances seem to pass more quickly through the membrane than they should - as though they have a shortcut through the membrane Examples: Ions like Cl- and the sugar Glucose

39. How does this happen Proteins in the cell membrane act as carriers or channels making it easy for certain molecules to cross.

40. Facilitated Diffusion Process in which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the cell membrane pass through special protein channels Examples: Red Blood Cells have protein carriers to allow glucose to pass in/out of the cell.

41. CLICK ME! There are hundreds of examples of these special proteins which are very specific (like enzymes) and change shape in order to allow the passage of certain substances into or out of the cell. Although facilitated diffusion is FAST & SPECIFIC it is still diffusion so it does NOT require any energy from the cell. Also the net movement will still tend to be with or along the concentration gradient (high low). ATP is not needed and it will continue until equilibrium is reached.

43. Osmosis An example of Facilitated Diffusion

44. Why would water molecules normally have a hard time getting across the cell membrane? The inside of a cell s lipid bilayer is hydrophobic (water hating) Click me! Click me!

45. Aquaporins Most cells have special water channel proteins Known as Aquaporins Allow H2O to pass right through them by facilitated diffusion. This EXTREMELY important process is = OSMOSIS

46. Osmosis The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Deals ONLY with the diffusion of WATER The molecules (in this case, water - not solute molecules) will tend to move from an area of high (water)concentration to an area of low(water)concentration until equilibrium is reached.

48. Describing the solution concentration OUTSIDE the cell relative to the solute concentration INSIDE the cell Predicting the Direction of Osmosis in cells The direction of water movement into or out of a cell can have dire consequences on the survival of a cell. By knowing the concentrations of solute and solvent on the inside and outside of a cell, we can predict the direction of osmosis and the result on the cell.

49. Solutions on the outside of a cell (in its environment) can be described based on how they affect the cell: Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Above Strength Cell Shrinks The solution outside the cell has a [higher] of solutes than inside Water moves OUT of cell Below Strength Cell Swells The solution outside the cell has a [lower] of solutes than inside Water moves INTO the cell Same Strength Cell stays the same the solution outside the cell has the [SAME] of solutes than inside Water moves EQUALLY in/out of the cell NOTE: (*tonic = solute. [High] solute means [low] water) "HYPER" = HIGH; "HYPO" = LOW; "ISO" = equal or same.

50. Solute and solvent concentrations can be expressed as percentages of the entire solution. When added together, the solute and solvent concentrations must equal 100%. A solution with a 10 % solute concentration has a 90% solvent concentration. **Note: in cells, the "solvent" is generally assumed to be water since cell solutions are aqueous.**

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