Basic English Connectors and Their Usage
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PART (1)
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Connectors are used to link
sentences
& sometimes
clauses
,
as in :
They didn’t win.
However
, they played better than last week.
In addition
, they scored two goals.
She failed in the exam
because
she was lazy.
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Positions of Connectors: (1) Front (2) Mid (3) End
1. It’s described as downsizing.
In other words
, people are losing
their jobs.
2. Jack is good at languages. He’s
also
studying engineering.
3. She speaks a little Spanish
too/as well
.
4. *
She speaks a little Spanish
also
.
(( besides, furthermore, indeed, likewise, moreover, That is, for
instance, In particular, ……. ))
Examples:
•
I enjoyed the foreign languages.
In particular
, I like English.
•
William doesn’t help with the homework. He has,
for example
, never
washed the dishes.
. She told me she wanted to join the college of Basic Education.
That
is (to say)
she wanted to be a primary teacher.
. The study of smoking habits is incomplete. There is no mention of
teenagers ,
for instance
.
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Positions : (1) Front (2) Mid (3)End
1. He tried hard.
However
, he failed.
2. I was offered to ride, but I chose to walk
instead
.
3. It feels like summer,
yet
according to the calendar we’re still in
early spring.
((( in contrast, nevertheless, on the other hand, rather, in spite
of, despite ,……)))
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Adding Connectors
•
I’ve known Jack for years.
Actually
, we went to the same
school.
•
They went to the same school,
in fact.
•
I don’t have to tell my parents
every thing.
After all
, I am 22.
Contrasting Connectors
•
I call her Aunt Emily , but she is
actually
, not my cousin.
. I called her Aunt Emily, but she
is my cousin,
in fact
.
. I’m an adult ,
after all
.
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(( therefore, as a result, accordingly, as a consequence, hence, thus,
(( therefore, as a result, accordingly, as a consequence, hence, thus,
so, consequently , …..))
so, consequently , …..))
1. The man killed his wife and he decided to do it.
Therefore
he was
guilty of murder.
2. This detergent is highly concentrated and
thus
you will need to
dilute it.
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We can use
first (firstly),
second (secondly),
third (thirdly)
,……. We
we sometimes use
then
or
next
instead of secondly or thirdly , …etc.
1. We really have to clean the house.
First
, we have to take out the
rubbish.
Then/Second
, we ‘ll have to wash the dishes piled up
in the kitchen sink.
Third / Next
, we need to scrub the floor
because it’s dirty.
(( For a start, first of all, in the first place, to begin with, to start
(( For a start, first of all, in the first place, to begin with, to start
with, finally,…… ))
with, finally,…… ))
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(( to sum up, in brief, in conclusion, in short, to conclude,
(( to sum up, in brief, in conclusion, in short, to conclude,
to summarize ))
to summarize ))
To sum up
To sum up
, they liked our ideas, but they want to know more
, they liked our ideas, but they want to know more
about the costs involved.
about the costs involved.
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(
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A focus structure is a structure in which one part of a sentence is moved to
front position . There are two ways:
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Complete each cleft sentence, emphasizing the underlined part, to
express the same meaning:
•
1.
The car smoke
is damaging our health. It ………………………………
•
2.
We
had to clean up all the mess. It …………………………………………
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3. Jack
watches TV in his room
instead of studying. What ……………
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4. Scientists now believe
that human activity is the cause
. What …
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1. It’s the car smoke that’s damaging our health.
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2. It was us who had to clean up all the mess.
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3. What Jack does is watch TV in his room instead of studying.
•
4. What scientists now believe is that human activity is the cause.
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:
1. Tom went to Cambridge. Sarah chose Oxford
instead of
Cambridge.
•
He went to Cambridge. She chose Oxford
instead.
instead.
•
Not ( Oxford
Not ( Oxford
instead
instead
Cambridge )
Cambridge )
2. There was not any butter. We used margarine
instead.
Instead of
Instead of
the butter we used margarine.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Compiled by : Asst.Prof. Muayad R. Al-Bakri April, 2018
Compiled by : Asst.Prof. Muayad R. Al-Bakri April, 2018
Learn about the importance of connectors in linking sentences and clauses, including examples of adding, contrasting connectors, and their positions in a sentence structure. Enhance your English language skills by mastering the different types of connectors and how to use them effectively.
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Presentation Transcript
Basic English Connectors Basic English Connectors PART (1)
Why are connectors used? Why are connectors used? Connectors are used to link sentences & sometimes clauses, as in : They didn t win. However, they played better than last week. In addition, they scored two goals. She failed in the exam because she was lazy.
Types of Connectors Types of Connectors! ADDING CONNECTORS RESULT CONNECTORS CONTRASTING CONNECTORS TYPES OF CONNECTORS LISTING CONNECTORS TIME CONNECTORS
ADDING CONNECTORS ADDING CONNECTORS : To add information, supporting ideas presented earlier Positions of Connectors: (1) Front (2) Mid (3) End 1. It s described as downsizing. In other words, people are losing their jobs. 2. Jack is good at languages. He s also studying engineering. 3. She speaks a little Spanish too/as well. 4. * She speaks a little Spanish also. (( besides, furthermore, indeed, likewise, moreover, That is, for instance, In particular, . ))
Examples: I enjoyed the foreign languages. In particular, I like English. William doesn t help with the homework. He has, for example, never washed the dishes. . She told me she wanted to join the college of Basic Education. That is (to say) she wanted to be a primary teacher. . The study of smoking habits is incomplete. There is no mention of teenagers , for instance.
Contrasting Connectors Contrasting Connectors: To show contrast introducing unexpected information . Positions : (1) Front (2) Mid (3)End 1. He tried hard. However, he failed. 2. I was offered to ride, but I chose to walk instead. 3. It feels like summer, yet according to the calendar we re still in early spring. ((( in contrast, nevertheless, on the other hand, rather, in spite of, despite , )))
Connectors Connectors Used for ( actually actually , , in fact Used for Adding in fact & & after all Adding & & Contrasting Contrasting: after all ) Adding Connectors I ve known Jack for years. Actually , we went to the same school. They went to the same school, in fact. I don t have to tell my parents every thing. After all, I am 22. Contrasting Connectors I call her Aunt Emily , but she is actually , not my cousin. . I called her Aunt Emily, but she is my cousin, in fact. . I m an adult , after all.
Result Connectors Result Connectors : To show that what follows is a To show that what follows is a result of or is caused by earlier events: result (( therefore, as a result, accordingly, as a consequence, hence, thus, so, consequently , ..)) 1. The man killed his wife and he decided to do it. Therefore he was guilty of murder. 2. This detergent is highly concentrated and thus you will need to dilute it.
Listing Connectors Listing Connectors : : to show things in a list or a sequence.. things in a list or a sequence.. We can use first (firstly), second (secondly), third (thirdly) , . We we sometimes use then or next instead of secondly or thirdly , etc. to show the order the order of of 1. We really have to clean the house. First, we have to take out the rubbish. Then/Second, we ll have to wash the dishes piled up in the kitchen sink. Third / Next, we need to scrub the floor because it s dirty. (( For a start, first of all, in the first place, to begin with, to start with, finally, ))
We can use We can use a phrase provide a summary of points already made: provide a summary of points already made: a phrase when we are going when we are going (( to sum up, in brief, in conclusion, in short, to conclude, to summarize )) To sum up, they liked our ideas, but they want to know more about the costs involved.
Adverbs & Phrases as Connectors Adverbs & Phrases as Connectors He wanted to rent near a flat. However, they were all too expensive. I have been to Morocco several times. Actually, I have just come back from there. ADVERBS AS CONNECTORS( actually, also, finally, instead, later, meanwhile, so, therefore,..) The doctor will see you soon. In the meantime, could you complete these forms? One man lied about having a degree in English. He had never been to university, in fact. PHRASES AS CONNECTORS ( in the meantime, to begin with, for example, to sum up, as a result, for a start, in addition, ..)
Connectors : Focus Structures Connectors : Focus Structures PART ( PART (2 2) ) A focus structure is a structure in which one part of a sentence is moved to front position . There are two ways: I can t drink coffee. Coffee I can t drink because it FRONTING & INVERSION gives me a headache. Here comes my bus. There goes my bus. Only then can we decide what to do. Scarcely had he sat down when the phone rang. (it-cleft ) : It was Martin, who broke the window. CLEFT SENTENCES (wh.question): What I need is a cup of coffee
Exercises: Exercises: Complete each cleft sentence, emphasizing the underlined part, to express the same meaning: 1. The car smoke is damaging our health. It 2. We had to clean up all the mess. It 3. Jack watches TV in his room instead of studying. What 4. Scientists now believe that human activity is the cause. What
The Possible Answer The Possible Answer 1. It s the car smoke that s damaging our health. 2. It was us who had to clean up all the mess. 3. What Jack does is watch TV in his room instead of studying. 4. What scientists now believe is that human activity is the cause.
Connectors or Prepositions Connectors or Prepositions As a result, In addition, instead, in contrast, as an example, in comparison , .. CONNECTORS As a result of , in addition to, instead of, in contrast to, in comparison with/to, as an example of , . PREPOSITIONS
Examples: Examples: 1. Tom went to Cambridge. Sarah chose Oxford instead of Cambridge. He went to Cambridge. She chose Oxford instead. Not ( Oxford instead Cambridge ) 2. There was not any butter. We used margarine instead. Instead of the butter we used margarine.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Compiled by : Asst.Prof. Muayad R. Al Compiled by : Asst.Prof. Muayad R. Al- -Bakri April, Bakri April, 2018 2018
