Arabic Grammar and Language Structure
undefined
•
There is no indefinite article in Arabic, but the
presence
of
nunation
at the end of a noun indicated
indefiniteness.
بيتٌ جميلٌ ، البيت جميلٌ
•
Adjectives are placed after the nouns they qualify in
the Arabic language. The adjective resembles the noun
it modifies with regards to
definiteness
and
indefiniteness
among other things, such as
number
and
gender
.
ه
ذ
ا
ر
ج
لٌ
ك
ر
يمٌ
ا
ل
ر
ج
ل
ا
ل
ك
ر
يم
ي
س
ا
ر
ع
إ
لى
ف
ع
ل
ا
لخ
ير
ر
أ
ي
ت
ا
م
ر
أ
ت
ين
ك
ر
يم
ت
ين
•
When two or more adjectives modify the same noun it
is not necessary to put "and" between them.
•
الكتاب المفيد الممتع له قراء كثيرون.
•
However, if the two adjectives form the
predicate
of a
nominal sentence, "and" is often inserted between
them.
•
الحديقة جميلة وفسيحة
•
البرتقال حلو حامض
→ special cases
•
The definite article in Arabic is al alta'reef
ال التعريف.
When the definite article is attached to a noun in
Arabic, nunation is removed.
•
The hamza in the definite article is hamzat wasl. This
disappears when it follows another word.
•
للقمر→القمر
•
والقمر
•
In pronunciation, the sound
l
immediately follows the final
sound in the preceding word.
•
When the definite article is attached to a noun that begins
with certain letters called
sun-letters
الحروف الشمسية,
the
l
of
the definite article changes into the initial letter of the
word. These letters are:
ت - ث - د - ذ - ر- ز - س - ش - ص -
ض - ط - ظ - ل - ن
The singular personal pronouns in Arabic are:
أنا →
I
أنتَ →
you (masculine)
أنتِ →
you (feminine)
هو →
he/it
هي →
she/it
The pronouns for he and she
هو/هي
in Arabic are both
used to refer to things (i.e., it) since there is no neuter
in Arabic.
1. There are only two genders in Arabic,
masculine
and
feminine
. There is no neuter in Arabic.
2. There is
no special sign
for the masculine. Words are
assumed to be masculine unless they belong to one of
the following categories:
a. Words that are feminine by virtue of their
meaning:
امرأة، حمامة، ناقة
b. Words that are feminine by form, that is they
end in ta' marboota. Words ending in ta' marboota are
assumed to be feminine, unless known to be otherwise.
ورقة، صحيفة
c. Words feminine by convention:
Geographical names:
الشام ، مصر، بغداد
Parts of the body:
عين ، يد، أذن، ساق ، ذراع، سن ، كتف
Some nouns are feminine for no apparent reason:
نار ، دار ، شمس
3. Adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in
gender.
A noun is the name of a person, a place, or a thing.
Types of Nouns:
1.
Proper Nouns:
A noun that refers to a particular person,
place, or thing. A proper noun is capitalized. For example:
Riyadh, Bill Clinton, the Holy Mosque.
2.
Common Nouns:
A noun that belongs to all members of a
group or a class of objects. For example, car, library, man, bird.
3.
Collective Noun:
A name applied to a group as a unit. For
example, family, herd, furniture.
4.
Concrete Noun:
A noun that names an object that can be
perceived by the senses, for example, apple, noise.
5.
Abstract Noun:
A noun that names something that cannot be
perceived by the senses. It names a quality or state of the
object, for example, wisdom, truth, age, beauty.
Questions are introduced using one of two
particles:
هل
or
أ
In speech , these particles are sometimes not
used.
There are three cases in Arabic, and they are
indicated by changing of the vowelling of the
final consonant.
The three cases are:
الرفع
- the nominative case – it is indicated with a
damma
النصب
- the accusative- it is indicated with a fatha
الجر
- the genitive- it indicated with a kasra
Every Arabic preposition takes its
following noun in the genetive (i.e.,
prepositional phrase:
الجار والمجرور: حرف
الجر والاسم المجرور
)
When a noun is followed by another noun in the
genitive it automatically loses its nunation.
يحذف
التنوين في المفرد والنون في المثنى والجمع المذكر السالم
ركبت قطارًا
ركبت قطار الصباح
لمعت عينا القطِ.
جاء معلمو المدرسةِ
When the second noun is definite, the first noun
is automatically definite.
A noun followed by a genitive must not take the
article.
Nothing must interpose between the noun
and its following genitive (
المضاف والمضاف إليه
)
If the noun is to be qualified by an adjective,
it must come after the genitive.
انتظرني عند باب المدرسة الجديد
It is possible to form the genitive of
possession with an indefinite genitive, but in
such cases the noun remains indefinite.
هذا كتاب رجل
In Arabic, there is no indefinite article, and the presence of nunation indicates indefiniteness. Adjectives come after nouns they qualify, and the adjective agrees with the noun in gender, number, and definiteness. The definite article "al" changes based on certain rules. Personal pronouns in Arabic cover first, second, and third persons. There are only two genders in Arabic: masculine and feminine, with no neuter. Adjectives must agree with the gender of the nouns they modify, and nouns can be proper or common.
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Presentation Transcript
There is no indefinite article in Arabic, but the presence of nunation at the end of a noun indicated indefiniteness. Adjectives are placed after the nouns they qualify in the Arabic language. The adjective resembles the noun it modifies with regards to definiteness and indefiniteness among other things, such as number and gender.
When two or more adjectives modify the same noun it is not necessary to put "and" between them. . However, if the two adjectives form the predicate of a nominal sentence, "and" is often inserted between them. special cases The definite article in Arabic is al alta'reef When the definite article is attached to a noun in Arabic, nunation is removed. .
The hamza in the definite article is hamzat wasl. This disappears when it follows another word. In pronunciation, the sound l immediately follows the final sound in the preceding word. When the definite article is attached to a noun that begins with certain letters called sun-letters the definite article changes into the initial letter of the word. These letters are: - - - - - , the l of - - - - - - - -
The singular personal pronouns in Arabic are: I you (masculine) you (feminine) he/it she/it / The pronouns for he and she used to refer to things (i.e., it) since there is no neuter in Arabic. in Arabic are both
1. There are only two genders in Arabic, masculine and feminine. There is no neuter in Arabic. 2. There is no special sign for the masculine. Words are assumed to be masculine unless they belong to one of the following categories: a. Words that are feminine by virtue of their meaning: b. Words that are feminine by form, that is they end in ta' marboota. Words ending in ta' marboota are assumed to be feminine, unless known to be otherwise.
c. Words feminine by convention: Geographical names: Parts of the body: Some nouns are feminine for no apparent reason: 3. Adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in gender.
A noun is the name of a person, a place, or a thing. Types of Nouns: 1. Proper Nouns: A noun that refers to a particular person, place, or thing. A proper noun is capitalized. For example: Riyadh, Bill Clinton, the Holy Mosque. 2. Common Nouns: A noun that belongs to all members of a group or a class of objects. For example, car, library, man, bird. 3. Collective Noun: A name applied to a group as a unit. For example, family, herd, furniture. 4. Concrete Noun: A noun that names an object that can be perceived by the senses, for example, apple, noise. 5. Abstract Noun: A noun that names something that cannot be perceived by the senses. It names a quality or state of the object, for example, wisdom, truth, age, beauty.
Questions are introduced using one of two particles: or In speech , these particles are sometimes not used.
There are three cases in Arabic, and they are indicated by changing of the vowelling of the final consonant. The three cases are: - the nominative case it is indicated with a damma - the accusative- it is indicated with a fatha - the genitive- it indicated with a kasra
Every Arabic preposition takes its following noun in the genetive (i.e., prepositional phrase: ) :
When a noun is followed by another noun in the genitive it automatically loses its nunation. . When the second noun is definite, the first noun is automatically definite. A noun followed by a genitive must not take the article.
Nothing must interpose between the noun and its following genitive ( ) If the noun is to be qualified by an adjective, it must come after the genitive. It is possible to form the genitive of possession with an indefinite genitive, but in such cases the noun remains indefinite.
