Cholestatic liver disease affects Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin levels, indicating bile duct damage. GGT and 5'-Nucleotidase help differentiate hepatobiliary vs. bone origin of ALP elevation. ALP is produced by bile duct epithelium and can be normal in acute biliary obstruction. GGT and N

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Speech sounds are integral to language, with articulatory, acoustic, auditory, and functional aspects. Articulation involves mechanisms like the power, vibrator, resonator, and obstruction mechanisms. The power mechanism includes the respiratory system, while the vibrator mechanism operates through

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Explore the essential information about Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI), including its procedure, indications, supplies and equipment needed, documentation guidelines, and monitoring protocols. Learn about the importance of CBI in post-prostate surgery, urinary tract obstruction prevention, clot

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Learn essential choking first aid techniques and procedures for adults and children, including abdominal thrusts and CPR. Understand how to identify different levels of obstruction and respond effectively to prevent a potentially life-threatening situation. Be prepared to act promptly and appropriat

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Atrophic rhinitis is a progressive chronic condition characterized by the atrophy of nasal mucosa and turbinates. It predominantly affects young to middle-aged adults, with females being more prone. Commonly isolated bacteria include Klebsiella ozaenae and others. The pathophysiology involves metapl

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Bloat in cattle, characterized by overdistension of the rumenoreticulum with gases of fermentation, can be caused by various factors including diet, obstruction, or diseases. Frothy bloat and free gas bloat are common types, each with its own triggers and symptoms. Diagnosis involves a thorough hist

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Rhinoscleroma is a chronic granulomatous condition of the nose caused by infection with the bacterium rhinoscleromatis. It primarily affects the nasal cavity but can also involve other respiratory tract structures. The disease is contracted through inhalation and exhibits distinct pathological stage

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Abdominal pain evaluation involves considering various differential diagnoses such as appendicitis, small bowel obstruction, and mesenteric ischemia. By categorizing pain as visceral, parietal, referred, or radiating, healthcare providers can better understand the underlying pathology. The history o

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Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx characterized by coughing, painful swallowing, and appetite changes. It can be caused by physical or infectious factors, leading to symptoms such as virtual obstruction, regurgitation, and drooling. Understanding the etiology and pathogenesis is crucial

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Flow measurement in engineering involves the use of V-notch and weirs, such as rectangular weirs and triangular weirs, to calculate discharge rates and velocity of liquids. A V-notch is a triangular obstruction used for flow measurement, while weirs are larger scale structures for measuring river or

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Updates to the 2022 track and competition rules include changes to false starts, lane infringements, obstruction rules, and hurdle knock-down definitions. These amendments provide clarity for athletics officials in managing races and ensuring fair competition. The adjustments address issues such as

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This detailed guide covers the definition, general approach, history taking, physical examination, investigations, diagnosis, and management of acute abdomen cases. Learn about common causes, such as acute appendicitis, bowel obstruction, and medical conditions. Real-life scenarios illustrate differ

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Vagal indigestion in ruminants is a functional disturbance affecting the fore stomachs, leading to symptoms like rumen distention, inappetence, bradycardia, and more. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome with various underlying causes such as injury, inflammation, or mechanical obstruction. T

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Heliports, helidecks, helistops, and helipads serve as key landing areas for helicopters. They come in various classifications including military, federal, private use, public use, commercial service, and personal use. Factors influencing site selection include traffic considerations, obstruction av

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Learn about the common causes of foreign body obstruction, preventive measures, signs of airway obstruction, and how to manage airway obstruction in adults, children, and infants. Discover the steps to take for a conscious choking victim and an unconscious victim, including performing the Heimlich m

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Intestinal obstruction can be classified into dynamic and adynamic types, with various causes such as intraluminal faecal impaction, malignancy, and hernia. The pathophysiology involves changes in bowel peristalsis and dilation, leading to potential strangulation and ischemia. Morbidity and mortalit

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Choledocholithiasis, the presence of stones in the common bile duct, is a common condition found in a percentage of patients with gallstones. The stones can be primary or secondary, causing a range of clinical manifestations from silent obstruction to cholangitis or gallstone pancreatitis. Diagnosis

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Intestinal obstruction can manifest with various clinical features such as sudden severe pain, tenderness, fever, and more. Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing obstruction, with X-rays showing characteristic findings in the small bowel and colon. Different types of obstructions like strangula

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Suprapubic catheter insertion is a procedure indicated for conditions such as urethral injury, obstruction, bladder neck masses, and benign prostatic hypertrophy. It involves proper patient positioning, analgesia, equipment preparation, and a step-by-step technique including bladder palpation, marki

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Basic Life Support (BLS) is crucial in emergency situations like choking, which can lead to cardiac arrest. Training includes skills lab practice and knowledge of procedures like the Heimlich maneuver for choking victims. In cases of severe obstruction, immediate action is required to clear the airw

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This informative content delves into the anatomy and function of the gallbladder, discussing its role in storing and concentrating bile. It explains the composition of bile, the process of emulsifying fats, and the consequences of bile flow obstruction. Various disorders affecting the biliary system

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Explore key scenarios in ASA and NFHS fast pitch umpiring rules, including situations involving fair/foul balls, obstruction calls, base awards, and dead ball appeals. Learn how umpires handle complex plays and make crucial decisions based on the regulations set by the governing bodies.

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Edema, an excessive accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces, is caused by disruptions in fluid exchange mechanisms. It can result from various factors such as increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, and obstruction to lymphatic flow. Differ

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Oedema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues and cavities, often caused by factors like decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic flow obstruction. This article explores the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical sig

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Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) is a condition where a newborn aspirates meconium, the first substance discharged from the GI tract. This primarily affects term or post-term infants and can lead to airway obstruction, gas trapping, chemical pneumonitis, and PPHN. Risk factors include hypoxia and

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Hydronephrosis and vesicoureteral reflux are common conditions involving the urinary system. This guide covers differential diagnosis, management of physiologic hydronephrosis, distinguishing it from obstruction, and the importance of treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women to prevent co

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This review assesses the quality of care provided to patients aged over 16 years with acute bowel obstruction. Significant delays were identified in the care pathway, from imaging requests to availability of operating theatres. Recommendations include prompt CT scans with intravenous contrast for de

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Gastrointestinal diseases are common in pet rabbits and can lead to serious health issues. Factors such as decreased motility, bloat, obstruction, and diarrhea affect their digestion. Understanding the complexities of rabbit physiology, nutritional requirements, and signs of GI disease is crucial fo

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Ascites, jaundice, and confusion in a 50-year-old man raise concerns about liver disease. Differential diagnosis includes cirrhosis, malignancy, alcoholic liver disease, and biliary obstruction. Physical examination findings such as spider naevi, hepatomegaly, and asterixis help narrow down the poss

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Malignant ureteric obstruction in palliative care patients poses significant challenges, impacting quality of life and requiring long-term drainage. This article discusses factors influencing decision-making, treatment options, and follow-up considerations, highlighting the importance of a multidisc

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This presentation covers the diagnostic approach and management strategies for dysphagia in a 65-year-old patient presenting with symptoms such as odynophagia, cough, hoarseness, and lymphadenopathy. It discusses the use of CBC, CXR, ECG, upper GI endoscopy, CT, and biopsy in assessing the location,

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A 62-year-old male presented with a mass in the right nasal cavity causing obstruction and headache. No history of URTI or allergies. Local examination revealed a pinkish mass with possible differential diagnosis of Antrochoanal Polyp, Ethmoidal polyposis, or Inverted Papilloma. Nasal endoscopy show

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Explore key baseball scenarios from the 2019 rules clinic, including obstruction between bases, acts that can be appealed, consequences of physical assistance by coaches, and rulings on foul ball contacts. Test your knowledge of baseball rules with these detailed explanations and images.

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The appendix, a vermiform structure in humans, is prone to acute appendicitis, a common abdominal emergency. Knowledge of its anatomy, positions, and potential complications of obstruction is crucial for timely diagnosis and management. Learn about the vascular supply, perforation risks, and variabl

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Chronic pulmonary emphysema is a complex obstructive and destructive lung condition typically caused by smoking. It leads to chronic infection, excessive mucus production, airway obstruction, and lung tissue destruction. The physiological effects of emphysema include hypoxia, hypercapnia, and severe

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Laryngomalacia is a condition characterized by the inward collapse of supraglottic structures during inspiration, leading to intermittent airflow obstruction. It is a common cause of neonatal and childhood stridor, with symptoms typically appearing within a few weeks after birth. The condition can b

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Learn essential skills in disaster medical operations as part of CERT Basic Training Unit 3. Topics covered include treating life-threatening conditions, conducting triage, identifying and treating killers such as airway obstruction, bleeding, and shock. Get insights on approaching survivors, openin

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In a case of postoperative hypotension following a transurethral prostatectomy under spinal anesthesia, a 78-year-old patient presented with agitation and shivering in the PACU. Vital signs and pain scores were monitored, showing a blood pressure of 89/40, heart rate of 85/min, and respiratory rate

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Pediatric intestinal obstruction in newborns and older children can result from various conditions such as foregut obstruction, midgut obstruction, and hindgut obstruction. Common causes include esophageal atresia, pyloric stenosis, and Hirschsprung disease. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, i

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Necrosis, perforation, and arterial compromise in acute appendicitis lead to lumen obstruction, increased luminal pressure, bacterial growth, and venous obstruction. Symptoms typically include periumbilical or epigastric pain due to visceral pain caused by lumen obstruction.

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