Understand the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, common disturbances, and nutrient requirements in preterm infants. Learn why metabolic bone disease is important and its long-term effects on bone health.

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Steatotic liver disease, including metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASLD) and metabolic associated alcoholic liver disease (MALD), is a common cause of liver test abnormalities in the United States. Risk factors such as obesity and metabolic syndrome can lead to advanced fibrosis a

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Dr. Srilekha Ammapalli discusses the cations (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) and anions (chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, lactate) involved in electrolyte and metabolic disturbances in critically ill patients. The physiology, causes of abnormalities, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of

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Shock is a critical condition caused by an imbalance between cellular oxygen supply and demand, leading to organ dysfunction. Compensatory responses include increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and hormonal adjustments. Recognizable features of shock include tachycardia, hypotension, cool clammy

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Explore a case study on diabetic ketoacidosis to understand the basis of metabolic acidosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus, differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, predict blood buffer equilibrium changes, apply Winter's formula, correlate clinical data with biochemical tests, explain insulin

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Phosphatase enzymes play a crucial role in various metabolic processes by releasing phosphate groups, increasing their availability for energy synthesis and cell structure formation. Acid phosphatases, with an optimum pH below 7.0, can be extracted from plant tissues like germinating mung beans. A p

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Explore the major metabolic pathways of glucose, including glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and more. Understand the production, utilization, catabolic, and anabolic cycles of glucose in cellular metabolism. Learn about key concepts such as hexose interconversion, HMP/PPP, Krebs cycle, a

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The AMPK system plays a crucial role in regulating energy homeostasis by sensing the cellular AMP:ATP ratio and responding to metabolic stresses that affect ATP production or consumption. AMPK is activated by factors such as hypoxia, glucose deprivation, and metabolic inhibitors, as well as by compo

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Aspirin toxicity, though decreasing in incidence, can still result in severe consequences such as metabolic acidosis, seizure, and even death. This condition is often underestimated due to lack of familiarity with its clinical presentation. Treatment focuses on maintaining salicylate in the ionized

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This content explores various techniques used in pharmacognosy and phytochemistry to investigate the metabolic pathways in plants and study the formation of primary and secondary metabolites. Methods such as utilizing radioactive isotopes, tracer techniques, isolated organs/tissues, grafting, and mu

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Many critical illnesses can disrupt acid-base balance, indicating underlying diseases or organ damage. Interpretation of disturbances requires analyzing arterial blood gases, plasma electrolytes, and compensatory mechanisms. Acid-base disorders are classified into respiratory acidosis, respiratory a

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Shock is a state of low tissue perfusion leading to metabolic changes like anaerobic metabolism and acidosis. As cellular hypoxia progresses, immune and coagulation responses are activated, impacting cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and endocrine systems. Shock can be classified into hypovolaemic

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The prevention, control, and treatment of nutritional and metabolic diseases in zoo and wild animals are essential for maintaining their health. These diseases, such as rickets, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and fibrous osteodystrophy, can result from imbalances in dietary nutrients and metabolic dera

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Abomasal displacement refers to the movement of the abomasum, a wandering organ in cattle due to loose attachments. This condition can lead to left or right displacement, as well as torsion or volvulus. Various factors such as feeding high concentrate rations, metabolic alkalosis, and other metaboli

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Metabolic control mechanisms play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within cells by regulating metabolic pathways. This involves finely adjusting the output of pathways in response to external signals, ensuring the proper flux of metabolites to meet cellular needs. Pacemaker enzymes, such as

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This educational material delves into the types and biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, the physiological actions of thyroid hormones, regulation levels, thyroid function tests, goiter, and the distinction between hypo- and hyperthyroidism. It covers the role of thyroid hormones in thermogenesis, meta

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Cutaneous circulation plays a vital role in supplying blood to the skin, with variations in apical and non-apical regions of the body. The blood flow is regulated by neural, thermal, and metabolic factors, and controlled by sympathetic fibers. Sympathetic vasoconstriction and vasodilation affect the

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Gain insight into the critical role of nutrition in aiding patients in their recovery from injuries and enhancing their physical well-being post-injury. Explore the phases of injury, the physiological and metabolic impacts of each phase, and the corresponding nutritional support strategies. Delve in

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Perinatal asphyxia refers to the interruption of oxygen supply to the fetus or newborn, leading to metabolic consequences and potential multiorgan dysfunction and long-term neurological issues. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) have

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Glycine, the simplest amino acid, plays a crucial role in various metabolic pathways in the body. It can be converted to important compounds like pyruvic acid, lactic acid, and creates the one-carbon pool. Glycine is essential for heme synthesis, glutathione formation, purine synthesis, and more. In

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Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM) are genetic disorders that disrupt metabolic pathways, leading to substrate accumulation or product deficiency. These disorders can be classified based on toxic accumulation, protein metabolism, carbohydrate intolerance, lysosomal storage issues, energy production d

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Explore the intricate processes of oxidative decarboxylation and the Krebs Cycle, essential pathways in cellular energy metabolism. Learn about the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, regulatory mechanisms, clinical implications, and more. Discover the fates of pyruvate, allosteric regulation, and

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Energy is essential for various bodily functions, with Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) representing the energy needed to sustain internal organ activity and body temperature. Kilocalories from food play a crucial role, and maintaining an energy balance is key for overall health. Factors like exercise, ho

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Explore the intricate details of acid-base disorders, including metabolic acidosis with anion gap, high and normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, causes of lactic acidosis, and important considerations like hypoalbuminemia. Learn about the delta ratio and how to interpret it in the context of acid-ba

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Local Anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that abolish sensations like pain in specific body areas by blocking nerve conduction of sensory impulses. This process involves reducing the influx of sodium ions, preventing membrane depolarization, and inhibiting action potential conduction. LAs are weak bases wi

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Metabolic rate, the energy consumed by an organism in a specific time period, can be measured through heat energy, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide release. Various tools like calorimeters and respirometers are used for this purpose. The delivery of oxygen through efficient transport systems i

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Acute presentation of a 19-year-old man with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) characterized by hyperglycemia, anion-gap acidosis, and ketosis. Clinical findings include dehydration, hyponatremia, hypotension, altered consciousness, and abdominal pain. Immediate management involves ABCs, fluid resuscitati

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Hyperglycemic crises such as Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) are life-threatening emergencies characterized by severe hyperglycemia and metabolic imbalances. DKA involves absolute or near-absolute insulin deficiency leading to ketone body production and systemi

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A study by Stefano Lazzer, Grace O. Malley, and Michel Vermorel explores the metabolic and mechanical costs of sedentary and physical activities in obese children and adolescents. The research delves into the main components of daily energy expenditure, the contribution of organs and tissues to body

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The examination of rumen fluid is crucial for diagnosing rumen diseases and for therapeutic purposes like transfaunation. Various physical and chemical characteristics are analyzed, including color, consistency, pH levels, and sedimentation activity. Abnormal findings indicate different health issue

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Dr. Zoidis Evangelos is a distinguished professional in the field of endocrinology and metabolic syndrome, currently serving as a Lecturer at the Agricultural University of Athens. With a background in biochemistry and extensive research experience, his work focuses on nutritional physiology, molecu

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Explore the case of a 48-year-old RN facing various health challenges like depression, anxiety, obesity, diabetes, and more. Learn about core metabolic imbalances impacting brain health, personalized lifestyle medicine strategies, and the importance of addressing root causes for a balanced metabolic

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Metabolic rate, the amount of energy used by the body over time, can be measured in different ways using respirometers and calorimeters. Respirometers measure oxygen uptake, while calorimeters calculate metabolic rate based on heat generated by the organism. Understanding these techniques is essenti

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Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is a genetic disorder of skeletal muscle triggered by certain anesthetics, leading to a hyper-metabolic state. The uncontrolled release of calcium results in muscle rigidity, metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia, and other serious complications. MH was first described in the

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Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a metabolic disorder affecting the breakdown of branched-chain amino acids, leading to severe symptoms like physical and mental retardation, sweet-smelling urine, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment involves dietary restrictions and potential gene therapy. Albinism,

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Acid-base balance disorders manifest as metabolic and respiratory imbalances with distinct characteristics. Respiratory acidosis, a common condition, stems from impaired alveolar ventilation, leading to elevated CO2 levels and decreased pH. It can be acute or chronic, each presenting unique features

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In a capitalist society, metabolic interactions and exchanges are influenced by one's income and occupation quality. This separation between human existence and nature is emphasized in the relation between wage labor and capital. Marx's writings highlight how labor is essential for the metabolic int

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Haemorrhage in surgery is a critical phenomenon leading to hypovolaemic shock, trauma-induced coagulopathy, and other complications. It involves ongoing bleeding, hypoperfusion, acidosis, and hypothermia, exacerbating the condition. Classification includes revealed and concealed haemorrhage, with pr

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Acid-base disorders, involving acidosis and alkalosis, are common in clinical practice. These conditions are characterized by changes in pH levels, with acidemia (pH < 7.35) and alkalemia (pH > 7.45) representing acidosis and alkalosis, respectively. The primary causes of these imbalances lie within

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Overweight and obesity are known cardio-metabolic risk factors, but this study delves into abnormalities among normal-weight individuals. The research compares data from MESA and MASALA studies, including diverse race/ethnicity groups like White, African American, Hispanic American, Chinese American

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