The circular flow in a four-sector economy involves households, firms, government, and the foreign sector. Each sector plays a crucial role in money flows and payments, contributing to the continuous flow of income. The financial market also has a significant impact on the economy by accumulating sa

3 views • 8 slides

Economic activities encompass the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within a society. Economists classify economic activities into four main sectors: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary, each with distinct roles and functions. The Primary Sector involves raw ma

5 views • 12 slides

The presentation discusses the significance of the informal sector in the Malagasy economy, its role in providing goods and services, and how it cushions economic shocks. The paper's objectives include valuing the economy, estimating informal sector accounts, and formal and informal employment. Defi

0 views • 21 slides

The presentation outlines the informal settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, focusing on allocation summaries, targets, business plans, and projects for the years 2022-23. It highlights the challenges faced and the way forward in upgrading and improving these settlements. The summary also includes detailed

0 views • 22 slides

Explore the nuances of transitioning between informal and formal communication styles, understand the components of different forms of communication, and learn when to apply each style in appropriate situations. Delve into the characteristics and examples of informal and formal communication, and di

0 views • 18 slides

Explore the concepts of formal and informal writing styles through engaging activities and examples in this educational resource tailored for Year 5 English students. Learn to distinguish between the two styles, understand the criteria for each, and practice transforming sentences from informal to f

1 views • 18 slides

Research explores the use of matching grants to incentivize informal taxation for community-driven projects in Somalia's Gedo region. Findings show increased informal contributions to public goods without crowding out other revenues, benefiting state legitimacy. Implications for development partners

0 views • 34 slides

The public sector, private sector, and joint sector play crucial roles in the economy. Public sector includes government services and enterprises, while private sector focuses on profit-making activities. Private sector contributes significantly to national income, generates employment, and ensures

0 views • 20 slides

The informal economy comprises economic activities not covered by formal arrangements. In Rwanda, self-employment in informal enterprises is common, with characteristics such as ease of entry and low skills. Globally, 2 billion workers are informal, with high risks of poverty and inferior working co

5 views • 20 slides

The briefing presented on 26 November 2019 in Cape Town highlighted the transformation of the financial sector, focusing on the implementation of recommendations, updates to the Financial Sector Code, and the way forward. It included the rebranding to the Financial Sector Transformation Council, the

0 views • 17 slides

Ben writes a casual email to his friend Fergus from Sri Lanka, where he is exploring tea plantations as a freelance journalist and photographer. Ben expresses homesickness but shares his excitement about his work. He plans to stay until September, hoping to publish his stories and return to the UK.

0 views • 4 slides

Explore opportunities for private sector engagement in delivering climate solutions in the agriculture sector to meet NDC/NAP ambitions, including panel discussions with various actors and investors, highlighting emerging investment opportunities and barriers hindering funding towards climate-relate

2 views • 4 slides

Exploring the challenges faced by Cameroon's administration in formalizing and taxing the informal sector, along with strategies to enhance revenue collection. The presentation discusses recent successes, limitations, and perspectives on the formalization process, emphasizing the need for a specific

0 views • 11 slides

Analyze the impact of government policies on fiscal deficit, crowding out, public investment, inflation, and support for vulnerable groups in the context of the pandemic, focusing on the informal sector and rural economy. Explore concepts like Open Market Sale Scheme of FCI and steps taken for infor

0 views • 7 slides

The Indian labor market faces significant challenges in formalizing women workers, with a noticeable decline in women's employment especially in rural areas. Despite recent policy attempts at formalization, such as the Unorganized Workers Social Security Act 2008 and the Maternity Benefits Act, wome

0 views • 19 slides

A qualitative study conducted in Kathmandu Valley exploring the perceived risks and mitigation practices of informal waste workers. The research project, led by Sujata Sapkota, aims to address the occupational and health challenges faced by these workers. The study includes a mix of quantitative and

0 views • 22 slides

The presentation by Miss Rosemary Siyachitema at the Confederation of Zimbabwe Retailers Breakfast Meeting highlighted the challenges of the ongoing cash crisis in Zimbabwe. Major causes include the introduction of Bond Notes and Statutory Instruments, dependency on foreign currency, declining inves

0 views • 7 slides

Tanzania's national economy reflects a mix of formal and informal trade sectors, with a significant share of taxes contributing to the established income. The informal sector plays a substantial role, especially in employment. Manufacturing, agriculture, services, and trade sectors contribute to the

0 views • 26 slides

The concept of the informal economy, formal arrangements, and the distinction between informal sector and informal employment are explained in detail. Recommendations and resolutions from ILO concerning the transition from informal to formal economy, statistical guidelines, and definitions are highl

0 views • 26 slides

This guide outlines procedures for ensuring Historically Underutilized Business (HUB) participation in informal bid procurements for purchases ranging from $15,000 to $50,000. It covers steps for obtaining informal bids/quotes, considerations for selecting suppliers, utilizing Group Purchasing Organ

0 views • 11 slides

Understanding the usage of the second-person pronoun "you" in writing is essential for clear communication. In informal settings, "you" is used broadly to address readers directly or as an indefinite pronoun. However, in formal writing, it's crucial to avoid potential reader bias by using alternativ

0 views • 4 slides

This session focuses on producing indicators related to informal employment and the informal sector, derived from labor force surveys. It covers key indicators on the extent and composition of informal employment, including identifying priority actions for specific groups. The session also discusses

0 views • 36 slides

Exploring the process of informal resolution in grievance procedures, focusing on mediation, confidentiality, impartiality, and neutrality. Parties can voluntarily engage in informal resolution before a formal determination, with specific requirements and timeframes outlined. Mediation fosters self-

0 views • 9 slides

Striving for formalization of the Moroccan economy reveals significant gender gaps in informal employment. Women are disproportionately affected, with lower employment rates and lack of job security compared to men. Informal sector prevalence remains high, impacting access to healthcare and pension

0 views • 13 slides

This presentation delves into the sovereign debt crisis in Europe, highlighting its causes and lessons learned. It discusses the role of the public sector in relation to the private sector's performance, the impact of political systems on public sector accounting reforms, and the need for a harmoniz

0 views • 18 slides

The Health & Social Care sector is facing key skills challenges such as doing more with less, attracting talented individuals, and addressing skills shortages. The sector plays a crucial role in providing services like residential care, hospital activities, social work, and more. With an aging popul

0 views • 24 slides

Explore the story of "Care of Henry" by Anne Fine, focusing on the main characters Hugo, Henry, Mum, and Grandma. Dive into writing an informal letter pretending to be Henry, detailing his activities at Grandma's house. Learn about informal letters, their types, and get inspired by an example letter

0 views • 22 slides

This session focuses on presenting and using statistics and indicators on work in the informal economy, with a specific emphasis on specific groups of workers and policy areas. It covers aspects such as national diagnoses of informality, the formalization process, assessing drivers of informality, a

0 views • 34 slides

Peace processes involve a variety of formal and informal activities, with the participation of different actors such as international organizations, grassroots movements, and individuals. Formal peace processes include conflict prevention, peace-building, and disarmament, while informal activities e

0 views • 12 slides

Exploring the significance of the informal sector in national economies, this content delves into the share of informal workers, their GDP contributions, concentration in economic activities, worker categories, geographical distribution, social group concentration, gender differentials, educational

0 views • 11 slides

Exploring the guidelines and definitions surrounding informal employment as endorsed by the 17th ICLS in 2003. This includes the scope of informality, essential components of informal jobs, characteristics of work relationships, and distinguishing between formal and informal sectors. The concept of

0 views • 24 slides

Delve into the intricate world of the informal economy, exploring its significance, measurement objectives, and the various schools of thought that make it a controversial topic. Gain insights into the definitions of the informal sector, employment, and economy, and understand the framework and cate

0 views • 17 slides

Explore the nuances of writing informal and formal letters, covering various types of letters, essential components, stylistic differences, and examples of formal versus informal expressions. Learn how to craft engaging letters for different purposes with appropriate greetings, introductions, main b

0 views • 6 slides

Thailand has seen rapid economic development transforming its economy. Despite a large informal labor market, efforts have been made to formalize it with labor laws, social protection, and defining formal employment. The gender perspective is crucial in understanding and addressing informal economy

0 views • 15 slides

The presentation by Laura Alfers highlights the plight of informal workers globally who lack labor and social protections. It delves into the concept of social contracts, exploring the evolving nature of these agreements and their impact on informal workers. The discussion also scrutinizes the role

0 views • 21 slides

Development Workshop Namibia focuses on providing affordable land and sustainable urban development to tackle the rapid growth of informal settlements in Namibia. With a network of organizations worldwide, they assess challenges in urban planning, document housing programs, and promote corporate sec

0 views • 17 slides

The Covid-19 pandemic has severely impacted SMMEs and the informal sector, leading to economic slowdown, job losses, and disruption of supply chains. Government interventions and funding incentives have been crucial in supporting these vulnerable sectors during the crisis, highlighting the importanc

0 views • 8 slides

Ghana has historically focused on social security for formal workers, leaving the informal sector underserved. Efforts since the early 2000s to bridge this gap have faced challenges. Peoples Pension Trust has been a key player in trying to extend coverage to the informal sector. Various pension sche

0 views • 23 slides

This research commissioned by the UNDP SA country office aims to improve resilience for entrepreneurs in South Africa's informal sector, particularly women, by offering social protection through insurance coverage against income loss. The study underlines the vulnerability accentuated by the Covid-1

0 views • 14 slides

This informative content covers a regional course on informality, focusing on the informal economy, work, and employment. It discusses using data items to derive variables for GDP estimation, learning objectives related to GDP questionnaire entries, conceptual foundations of the informal economy, GD

0 views • 11 slides