Newborn female with VACTERL association, imperforate anus, and perianal skin tag identified at birth. Patient transferred for surgical intervention and further workup due to associated abnormalities. Imaging studies show multiple sacral vertebral anomalies. Differential diagnosis includes genetic sy

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Stillbirth, the delivery of a baby with no signs of life after 20 completed weeks of pregnancy, can have profound emotional and social effects. Unexplained causes account for 50% of cases, with fetal, placental, and maternal factors contributing. Risk factors include obesity, maternal age, smoking,

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Understanding the impact of obesity stigma as a stressor throughout the lifecourse is essential, especially concerning pregnancy. The prevalence of pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity poses significant risks, leading to various maternal complications like gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, an

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Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) plays a key role in prenatal testing by analyzing cell-free DNA (cfDNA) to determine fetal fraction and detect genetic anomalies like Down syndrome. The process involves DNA extraction, library construction, barcode labeling, sample pooling, quantification, and seque

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This lecture by Assist. Prof. Dr. Hawraa Hussein Ghafel focuses on promoting fetal and maternal health through various aspects such as health behaviors, nursing processes, and health promotion during pregnancy. Key topics include identifying national health goals, assessing pregnant women, planning

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Labor and birth processes are typically straightforward, but complications can arise, such as failure to progress, fetal distress, excessive bleeding, malposition, prolapsed umbilical cord, cephalopelvic disproportion, and uterine rupture. Management strategies include rupturing membranes, pain reli

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This in-depth article delves into the various types of red blood cell abnormalities seen in anemia, such as anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, spherocytes, ovalocytes, acanthocytes, codocytes, drepanocytes, and stomatocytes. It explains the characteristics of each abnormality, their significance in diffe

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Failure in pregnancy stages can lead to fetal mummification, characterized by autolytic changes, mummification process, and dry, leathery tissue. Events required for mummification include fetal death post-bone development, rapid resorption of fluids, absence of oxygen and bacteria. This process is c

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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to poor fetal growth in the womb, often due to maternal factors or inadequate oxygen supply. This condition can lead to increased risks for the baby. Topics covered include definition, incidence, normal fetal growth, stages, causes, diagnosis, and manage

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Fetal movement counts, also known as kick counts, are essential for monitoring your baby's well-being during pregnancy. This article explains the significance of kick counts, when to do them, and how to track fetal movements effectively. Learn why kick counts are crucial, when to start counting, and

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Explore the complexities of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and its intersection with the justice system. Topics include FASD terminology, interpreting diagnoses, implications in court proceedings, and more. Gain insights into the challenges and considerations surrounding FASD-affected indivi

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This case study delves into the management of intrauterine fetal demise in a 41-year-old gravida with a history of minimal prenatal care. The patient presented with crowning and underwent a spontaneous vaginal delivery of a non-viable fetus, followed by post-delivery complications and interventions.

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Karyotypes are photographic inventories of an individual's chromosomes, helping determine genetic sex and detect abnormalities. Common chromosomal conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome are discussed, along with the impact of abnormal sex chromosomes on characte

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Retention of fetal membranes, a common issue during the third stage of labor, has significant consequences for animals, especially cattle. Causes include insufficient expulsive efforts and placental issues. The incidence ranges from 6.8% to 50%, often associated with dystocia and twin births. Factor

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Examination of the abdomen in pregnancy involves assessing various aspects such as determining gestational age, measuring symphysis-fundus height, evaluating fetal lie and presentation, checking liquor amount, listening to fetal heart sounds, and monitoring fetal movements. The process includes gene

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Cesarean section (C/S) is a delivery method for various fetal and maternal indications, while preterm labor poses risks like twin pregnancy, uterine abnormalities, and infections. Complications of C-sections and signs of preterm labor are discussed, highlighting the importance of early recognition a

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Explore congenital hand abnormalities such as macrodactyly, trigger thumb, clasped thumb, preaxial deficiency, and syndromes like Holt-Oram Syndrome and Fanconi Anemia. Learn about assessment, intervention plans, and common treatments provided by experts in reconstructive plastic and hand surgery.

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Portal vein imaging is crucial for evaluating conditions affecting the abdominal part of the gastrointestinal tract. Techniques such as spleno-portography and CT triphasic contrast imaging are used to visualize the portal vein and diagnose anomalies like portal-systemic collaterals and porto-systemi

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Review of guidelines by the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine on indications, risks, and recommendations for fetal blood sampling. Recommendations include using FBS for severe fetal anemia/thrombocytopenia, cautioning against unnecessary invasive testing, counseling patients about potential risks,

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Sally Kennedy, a UK physiotherapist, explores gait abnormalities common in older individuals and those with neurological conditions. The content delves into the stages of the normal gait cycle, from initial contact to mid-swing, highlighting the importance of identifying and managing common gait pro

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Human cells have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, totaling 46. Karyotypes help diagnose chromosomal abnormalities by aligning chromosomes in size order. Nondisjunction during meiosis can lead to abnormal chromosome numbers in gametes. Disorders like Down Syndrome, XYY Syndrome,

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In this detailed lab report on fetal pig dissection, students are tasked with observing the external features of the pig, determining its gender, examining teeth and skin, and studying the importance of the umbilical cord. The lab also delves into the respiratory system, focusing on cartilage rings,

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Fetal malposition and malpresentation are important considerations in obstetrics. Malposition involves the fetal head presenting in a non-ideal position, while malpresentation refers to cases where the head is not the presenting part. Detecting these conditions through various signs and examinations

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Occipito-posterior position of the fetal head occurs when the head is in one of the oblique diameters with the occiput directed posteriorly. It can be categorized into Right Occipito-Posterior Position (ROP) and Left Occipito-Posterior Position (LOP), affecting 13% of vertex presentations. Causes in

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Occipito-posterior position refers to the fetal head being directed towards the back of the pelvis. This positioning can occur to the right (ROP) or left (LOP) side. It occurs in 13% of vertex presentations and may be caused by factors like pendulous abdomen, pelvic brim shape, or sacral alignment.

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There is a growing focus on antenatal assessment to prevent fetal deaths, with a decline in maternal mortality rates worldwide. The primary goal is to ensure fetal well-being, screen high-risk factors, and detect congenital abnormalities early on. Various tests like Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein

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The fetal skull is a bony cavity that protects the delicate brain and plays a crucial role in the birthing process. This detailed guide explores the composition of the fetal skull, including the bones, sutures, fontanels, regions, and landmarks. Understanding these aspects is essential for assessing

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This information provides guidelines for monitoring fetal growth based on estimated fetal weight, abdominal circumference, uterine artery Doppler, non-stress test, and biophysical profile. It outlines strategies for surveillance, including frequency and types of tests based on gestational age and gr

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These cheat sheets outline the indications and recommendations for outpatient antenatal fetal surveillance, including the reasons and frequency for non-stress tests (NST) and biophysical profile (BPP) based on various maternal conditions and fetal considerations. Guidelines are provided for differen

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A case report presented at the 9th Annual State Ophthalmological Conference TOSCON 2024 discusses a young male patient grappling with unexplained vision loss and hormonal abnormalities. The patient exhibited symptoms of headache, diminished vision in the left eye, and an unusual head-turning behavio

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This study examines the association between ECG abnormalities and incident CVD events in patients with type 1 diabetes, focusing on the prognostic significance in a population where CVD develops earlier. Major and minor ECG abnormalities were classified, with cardiovascular events such as myocardial

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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) poses significant challenges for individuals and families, requiring unique parenting approaches and lifelong support. The National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (NOFASD) in Australia provides crucial information, support services, and advoc

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Induced abortion, whether medical or surgical, is defined as the deliberate termination of pregnancy before fetal viability. This article highlights the various indications for termination, such as risks to the mother's health or fetal abnormalities, and the methods used for termination in different

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Cancer treatment during pregnancy requires individualized consideration of cancer type, stage, pregnancy continuation desire, and risks of modifying or delaying treatment. Commonly diagnosed cancers in pregnancy include breast, cervix, melanoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy c

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The fetal head and neck structures in week 12 exhibit a complex formation process involving contributions from all three embryonic layers and the neural crest. Neural crest plays a significant role in developing jaw skeletal elements, connective tissues, and tendons. The pharynx, starting at the buc

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A 45-year-old male with gait abnormalities was referred for evaluation, with an unknown inheritance and deceased parents. His father had a history of ataxia and tremor. Using the GAIN scoring metric, the genomic content was assessed, including the presence of protein-coding genes, established TS gen

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This clinical practice guideline by the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine provides recommendations for the diagnosis and management of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Key points include criteria for TTTS diagnosis, the usefulness of the Quintero staging system, the importance of serial sono

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The SOON Consensus Working Group focuses on conducting large-scale research, quality improvement, and standardizing care in fetal growth assessment. With a mission to address the wide variation among centers, the group aims to enhance patient care by standardizing the measurement and interpretation

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Fetal Echo at Nidaan Diagnostic Centre, Dehradun, is a specialized ultrasound that provides a detailed evaluation of your baby's heart during pregnancy. Performed by expert radiologist Dr. Vibhu Goel (M.B.B.S., M.D.), it helps detect congenital heart

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Fetal Echo at Nidaan Diagnostic Centre, Dehradun, is a specialized ultrasound that provides a detailed evaluation of your baby's heart during pregnancy. Performed by expert radiologist Dr. Vibhu Goel (M.B.B.S., M.D.), it helps detect congenital heart

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