Clinicopathological Conference - Medical Case Presentation Under Supervision of Prof. Dr. Irfan Ahmed
Sabir Ali, a 42-year-old male resident of Sadiqabad, presented with a month-long history of vomiting, decreased urine output, and altered consciousness. Known case of asthma, he experienced abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. Admitted for oliguria and pedal edema, he underwent hemodialysis. N
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What is Codeine and how to take it ???
Buy Codeine Online is an opiate\/opioid medication, sometimes known as a narcotic. It is helpful for the treatment of mild to severely moderate pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is available on the market, and you may buy codeine online too. Combining Codeine with Acetaminophen (paracetamol) or an NS
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Neonatal Diseases
Neonatal and postnatal diseases in livestock, with a focus on perinatal, neonatal, and postnatal stages. It covers common classifications, causes, and risk factors associated with these diseases, particularly focusing on neonatal diarrhea (Calf Scour). The content delves into noninfectious and infec
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Understanding Normal Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract & Infectious Diarrhea
Normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract play a crucial role in maintaining health, but can also cause disease in certain conditions. This lecture covers the common flora in the GIT, their role in diseases, various types of acute diarrheal illnesses, epidemiology, and management of bacterial agent
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Understanding Trishna Roga: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Trishna Roga, or excessive thirst, is a condition characterized by a strong desire for water due to dehydration. It can be caused by factors like vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive sweating. This article discusses the etiology, symptoms, and traditional treatment methods of Trishna Roga as per Ayurve
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Mystery Case Study: 75-Year-Old Male with Fever and Altered Mental Status
A 75-year-old male with a history of multiple animal exposures presented with fever, altered mental status, headache, and diarrhea. Physical exam revealed vital signs within normal limits, and labs showed various results including negative infectious disease workup but pending further tests. Imaging
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Understanding Rinderpest: Symptoms, Transmission, and Host Range
Rinderpest is a viral disease characterized by high fever, lachrymal discharge, inflammation, erosions of the mouth, and diarrhea, leading to death. The disease affects cloven-hoofed animals, with cattle and water buffalo being most susceptible. Transmission occurs through aerosol vectors and ingest
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Understanding Amphistomosis in Ruminants: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
Amphistomosis is a disease in ruminants caused by several types of rumen flukes. It leads to productivity losses, weight loss, fertility reduction, and other symptoms. Infection occurs through ingestion of contaminated vegetables and raw meat. The parasite affects the rumen and reticulum of sheep, g
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Overview of Viral Gastroenteritis: Etiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract primarily affecting the stomach and small intestine, leading to symptoms like acute diarrhea and vomiting. It can be caused by various infectious agents such as Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Caliciviruses, Astrovirus, Coronavirus, Torov
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Integrating Sanitation and Handwashing into PEPFAR Programming
Why Wash matters for PLHIV due to the significant impact of diarrhea on individuals living with HIV/AIDS, affecting absorption of antiretrovirals and nutrients, causing burden on caregivers, and reducing quality of life. Critical WASH behaviors like safe feces disposal, water treatment, and handwash
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Understanding Canine Viral Infection: A Comprehensive Overview
Canine Viral Infection, caused by canine parvovirus-2, is a highly contagious disease affecting dogs, especially puppies. The infection spreads through fecal-oral route and can lead to severe clinical signs like vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. The virus replicates in lymphoid tissues, affecting
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Understanding Fowl Typhoid: Causes, Transmission, Clinical Signs, and Control Measures
Fowl typhoid, caused by Salmonella gallinarum, affects adult chickens with high mortality rates. It spreads through infected droppings, carcasses, and fomites. Clinical signs include listlessness, diarrhea, and organ swelling. Diagnosis involves isolation and identification, while treatment options
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Understanding Johne's Disease in Ruminants: Causes, Transmission, and Clinical Findings
Johne's Disease, caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, is a chronic bacterial infection affecting the lower intestinal tract of ruminants. It is characterized by chronic diarrhea and emaciation, mainly seen in mature animals. The mode of transmission includes contaminated food/water, intrauterin
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Understanding Bovine Theileriosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention
Bovine theileriosis is a tick-borne haemoprotozoan disease that causes significant economic losses in livestock due to high mortality rates, weight loss, abortion, and reduced milk yield. The disease is characterized by fever, anemia, and respiratory and digestive disorders. It is caused by parasite
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Understanding Anti-Diarrheal Agents and Their Mechanisms
Diarrhea is a common gastrointestinal issue characterized by increased bowel movements and abdominal discomfort. This presentation delves into the causes and types of diarrhea, including acute and chronic forms. It also explores the various classes of anti-diarrheal medications and their mechanisms
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Understanding Salmonellosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention
Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by various serotypes of Salmonella bacteria. It affects both animals and humans, commonly spread through contaminated food sources. Symptoms in humans include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever, with potential complicatio
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Pediatric Case Presentation: Fever and Rash in a 3-Year-Old Patient
A 3-year-old female presented with fever, rash, cough, vomiting, diarrhea, and dyspnea. History revealed incomplete immunization and household fever cases. Physical exam showed tachycardia, respiratory distress, rash, and other symptoms. Past medical history indicated normal development and perinata
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Understanding Bovine Virus Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease in Cattle
Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) and Mucosal Disease (MD) are two clinically distinct yet interconnected syndromes in cattle caused by Pestivirus. While originally thought to be separate, they share a common viral etiology. BVD can lead to persistent infections, while MD is sporadic, progressive, and fat
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Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Transmission
Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as viral diarrhea, is a prevalent infection affecting mainly infants and young children. The disease is self-limiting, with symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Key viral etiologies include Rota viruses, Astroviruses, Norovirus, and Enteric aden
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Overview of Giardia lamblia Parasite and Giardiasis Disease
Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis, is a flagellated parasitic microorganism that causes giardiasis by colonizing the small intestine. It infects humans, cats, dogs, and birds, and is a common parasitic human disease globally. Giardiasis, popularly known as beaver fever, can lead to
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Understanding the Normal Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Infectious Diarrhea
Explore the common normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and how they play a role in health and disease, specifically focusing on infectious diarrhea. Learn about different types of acute diarrheal illnesses, epidemiology, host defenses against GI infections, and the pathogenesis of bacte
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Comprehensive Overview of IMNCI - Integrated Approach to Child Health
IMNCI is an integrated approach to child health focusing on common causes of child mortality like diarrhea, pneumonia, measles, malaria, and malnutrition. Developed to address child health in developing countries, IMNCI aims to reduce under-five mortality rates through preventive and curative measur
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Understanding Diarrhea: Causes, Classification, and Significance
This informative content delves into the physiology of fluid in the small intestine, defines diarrhea, and outlines its various types and common causes. It emphasizes the importance of addressing diarrhea promptly to prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, especially in children, as it remai
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Understanding Lactose Intolerance and Nutritional Adaptation
Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose in milk. This condition is prevalent among adults due to decreased lactase production. Symptoms include bloating, cramping, gas, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Learn how lactose intolerance is a natural human adaptation and discover the geograp
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Understanding Foodborne Illness: Causes and Symptoms
Foodborne illnesses are diseases transmitted to humans through contaminated food, causing symptoms like nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, fever, and diarrhea. These illnesses are mainly caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, often spread through mishandling of
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Understanding Feco-Oral Diseases and Diarrhea Transmission
Feco-oral diseases, primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, remain a significant global health concern, especially affecting children under 5 and the elderly. Diarrhea, characterized by WHO as three or more watery stools in 24 hours, poses a substantial burden, with infectious agents cau
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Understanding Chronic Diarrhea: Causes and Consequences
Chronic diarrhea is characterized by persistent loose, watery stools lasting more than 14 days. The condition can be caused by various factors such as osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, or motility disorders. In developing countries, it often follows acute infections, while in developed countries, un
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Understanding Diarrhea: Causes, Symptoms, and Pathophysiology
Diarrhea is a common symptom that can be caused by various factors such as viral, bacterial, parasitic infections, dietary changes, drugs, systemic diseases, and intestinal obstructions. It can lead to dehydration and other serious complications if not treated promptly. The pathophysiology of diarrh
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Understanding Malabsorption Disorders in Pediatrics
Malabsorption disorders in pediatrics affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients, leading to symptoms like abnormal stools, failure to thrive, and specific deficiencies. Common symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal distention, and systemic issues like anemia and fatigue. Proper diagnosis
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Understanding Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious animal disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, while Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a serious cattle disease caused by the BVD virus. FMD is not transmissible to humans and is caused by different strains of Aphthovirus. Symptoms of FMD include ves
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Understanding Fowl Typhoid in Domestic Birds
Fowl Typhoid is a septicemic disease affecting domestic birds, characterized by acute and chronic phases, enlarged spleen, bronzy colored liver, and diarrhea. It is caused by Salmonella gallinarum and primarily affects young and adult chickens. The disease has a short incubation period of 4-5 days,
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Understanding Cholera: Epidemiology, Microbiology, Clinical Features, and Management
Cholera is a water-borne disease caused by Vibrio cholera, characterized by severe diarrhea. Learn about its history, microbiological characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, management, and outbreak control. Discover the epidemiology, including major outbreaks and tra
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Understanding Change in Bowel Habits and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
This informative content covers topics such as the definition, etiology, and classification of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), the diagnosis and management of IBS, alarm symptoms to look out for, and when to refer patients to specialists. It also includes a role-play scenario for a focused abdominal
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Overview of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is an RNA virus belonging to the Pestivirus genus in the Flaviviridae family. It is classified into BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 genotypes with distinct biotypes. BVDV is a significant infectious disease in the livestock industry worldwide, with high prevalence and clinical c
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Understanding COVID-19 Symptoms and Differentiating from Other Illnesses
The global pandemic has brought about unprecedented challenges, with researchers updating the list of symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection. Common symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, congestion, loss of taste and smell, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, diarrhea, na
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Understanding Apicomplexa: The Intriguing World of Parasitic Protozoa
Apicomplexa, a group of unicellular, spore-forming parasites, exhibit a complex life cycle involving sexual and asexual stages. Coccidia, a type of Apicomplexan parasite, cause diseases like coccidiosis in humans and animals. The disease spreads through contact with infected feces or tissue, leading
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Study on Using MLIL Model to Replace RIL for Studying Bacterial Diarrhea
Shigellosis, a diarrheal disease prevalent in developing countries, lacks an effective vaccine. This study aims to assess the protective capability of S. dysenteriae sub-unit pili proteins using the MLIL method. Mice were immunized with different protein variants, and the results indicate potential
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Understanding Acute Diarrheal Illness and Gastrointestinal Infections
Acute diarrheal illness is a common issue globally, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. This lecture covers the types of acute diarrhea, host defenses, pathogens like E. coli, Campylobacter, and Yersinia, and their management. It also discusses microbiological diagnosis methods, food poi
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Understanding Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management
Define constipation and diarrhea, discuss the definition, etiology, and classification of IBS, explain how to diagnose IBS, list alarm symptoms and differential diagnosis, provide a management plan and follow-up, and recognize when to refer to a specialist. People with irritable bowel syndrome may s
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Understanding Giardia: Morphology, Life Cycle, and Pathogenesis
Giardia is a protozoan parasite that causes chronic diarrhea in various hosts, including humans and animals. This parasite has unique morphology with trophozoite and cyst stages. Its life cycle involves direct reproduction through binary fission and transmission through contaminated food or water. G
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