Human blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens and antibodies. The ABO system categorizes blood into four types (A, B, AB, O), while the Rh factor (D antigen) determines whether blood is RhD positive or negative. Blood group antigens are crucial for safe transfusio

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Explore the potential of targeting human exosomes using a bispecific antibody platform, enhancing drug delivery capabilities. The study delves into engineering exosomes as drug carriers, developing exosome targeting antibodies (ExTAbs), and verifying exosome delivery efficiency. Future directions in

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Human blood types are determined by specific antigens and antibodies present on red blood cells, influencing crucial aspects like blood transfusions and familial relationships in forensic medicine. The ABO system, with its four main blood types (A, B, AB, O), plays a vital role in categorizing blood

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\n\nGemtuzumab 4.5 mg is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD33 antigen, which is found on the surface of leukemia cells. In precision oncology, this drug has been used to treat patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are deemed appropriate for this therapy. It has been shown to increase sur

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This overview delves into the CareStart COVID-19 antigen test, touching on its approval status, intended use, safety precautions, how the test works, proper disposal and cleanup methods, and the importance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during testing. The test involves specific procedures w

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Immunoassay is an analytical method utilizing specific antibody-antigen reactions to determine reactant amounts. This method involves competitive binding between labeled and unlabeled analytes and specific antibodies. Antibodies, antigens, labels, and separation matrices play crucial roles in immuno

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Information on testing for COVID-19 in children, including symptoms to watch out for, when to suspect COVID-19 in a child, when to get a child tested, and recommendations for testing in cases of comorbidities. Details on recommended tests, including Rapid Antigen Test and RT-PCR, along with the impo

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Antigens are substances that stimulate the production of antibodies in the body, exhibiting specificity in immune reactions. They interact with immune response products like antibodies, BCRs, and TCRs. Immunogens induce detectable immune responses, leading to antibody production or T cell activation

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The article by Dr. Charu, a Consultant Immunologist, provides insights into immunology testing for Pernicious Anaemia (PA). It covers considerations for PA diagnosis, prevalence data, and details intrinsic factor antibody and gastric parietal cell antibody tests. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatme

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Antigen-antibody precipitation reaction involves the formation of insoluble products when a soluble bivalent antibody interacts with a soluble antigen. This reaction leads to the formation of a visible precipitate known as a lattice. The mechanism of precipitation, including the prozone phenomenon,

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Rh isoimmunization is an immunological disorder that affects pregnant Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive fetuses. This condition can lead to hemolytic anemia in the fetus. The Rh antigen is limited to the red cell surface, and the transfer of fetal red cells to the maternal circulation can tri

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Dr. Mohammad Ahmad El Khayyat, an Assistant Professor in Dermatology, STDs, and Andrology, details the diagnostic methods and tests for gonorrhea. Various tests including Gram stain, culture, antigen detection tests, and nucleic acid amplification tests are discussed, highlighting sensitivity and sp

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Learn about the principle and types of agglutination tests, including slide and tube agglutination, used for identifying bacterial isolates and blood grouping. Discover the importance of Coombs' test in detecting incomplete antibodies. Explore the applications and techniques involved in these immuno

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Agglutination reaction is a key technique in immunology where particulate antigens and antibodies clump together in the presence of electrolytes. This reaction is highly sensitive and often used for antibody detection, bacterial identification, blood grouping, and cross-matching. The process involve

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Cytokines play a crucial role in immune response activation and regulation. They are secreted by various cell types like lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, exerting diverse biological functions, including immune system development, inflammatory response induction, and hematopoiesis regulation.

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This content delves into the mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity, focusing on B-cells as key players in humoral immunity. It covers topics such as activation of B-cells, clonal selection, generation of plasma and memory cells, primary and secondary immune responses, and the structure and functi

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Antigen-antibody interactions are essential in immunology, determining disease presence, blood types, and more. Diagnostic tests such as agglutination and precipitation reactions play a crucial role. Specimen collection involves obtaining blood samples for analysis, while precipitation reactions for

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Learn about antigens, immunogenicity, antigenicity, and epitopes in immunology. Antigens are substances with distinct immunologic properties, while immunogenicity refers to the ability of an antigen to induce an immune response. Antigenicity is the ability of an antigen to combine specifically with

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Nephelometry and turbidimetry are analytical techniques used in clinical settings to measure the amount of light scattered or absorbed by particles in suspension. Turbidimetry focuses on the amount of transmitted light, while nephelometry measures scattered light. Both methods are valuable in determ

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Study by the HEAL-SL team examines excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bo City, Sierra Leone. Findings suggest potential underreporting of COVID-related deaths and highlight the importance of seroprevalence studies in understanding the impact of the virus. The research includes analysis

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Alloimmunization, a critical side effect of transfusion, has been a challenge in matching phenotypes and genotypes globally. The detection of clinically significant antibodies requires a delicate balance between sensitivity and specificity, considering various controllable and uncontrollable variabl

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ABO blood grouping and Rh factor testing are crucial for blood transfusions and forensic medicine. The presence or absence of specific antigens and antibodies in human blood determines blood type. Genetic inheritance from parents establishes blood type, with codominance influencing offspring phenoty

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Blood matching for patients is crucial to prevent adverse reactions like hemolysis and death. ABO and RhD compatibility testing are fundamental, along with selecting antigen-negative units for patients with clinically significant antibodies. Beyond mandatory requirements, matching can be complex due

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The NHLS COVID-19 Screening Application (CSA) portal is essential for reporting SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test results to the National Department of Health in South Africa. It is mandatory to report all rapid test results, including positive, negative, and invalid outcomes. Access to the CSA portal r

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Providing details on the NHLS COVID-19 Screening Application (CSA) portal for reporting SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test results. Accessing the portal, creating patient records, searching for patients, and more essential steps are covered. Find out how to obtain a user code, log in, and navigate the po

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Antigen testing strategies are recommended for institutions of higher education, with rapid results provided by CareStart COVID-19 Antigen Tests. The testing procedure involves sample collection and interpretation of results, including criteria for validity and different outcomes. Regular testing ca

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In-house cell panel development, pre-transfusion compatibility testing, antibody screening methods, and the importance of ABO and Rh typing are discussed in detail. Steps for safe blood transfusion, reverse ABO grouping, AST testing for irregular antibodies, and selection criteria for screen cells i

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Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is an acquired disorder characterized by recurrent thrombosis or pregnancy complications due to autoantibodies against phospholipid-binding plasma proteins. Learn about its classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic antibodies. Discover how lupus an

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Serological work up in an antenatal patient with the identification of a rare anti-Jra antibody, management challenges, and referral for Jra phenotyping. The presence of other significant antibodies excluded, highlighting the importance of accurate blood group testing and potential risks in red cell

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ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a widely used laboratory technique for detecting and quantifying antigens or antibodies in blood samples. Introduced in 1971, ELISA involves an antigen-antibody reaction using enzyme-conjugated antibodies to generate a colored product on a plate. There ar

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Complement Fixation Test (CFT) is a key technique in clinical microbiology, utilizing antigen-antibody complexes to fix complement for various immunological reactions. The test involves multiple steps and reagents, with guinea pig serum for complement activation. Standardization is crucial for accur

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Understanding the importance of rapid antigen testing in the context of resilience, adaptation, and reopening during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Exploring the benefits of rapid screening in detecting asymptomatic carriers, along with the necessity of confirmatory PCR tests for positive results. H

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B cells express unique receptors to combat pathogens, with membrane-bound immunoglobulins forming their diverse repertoire. The regions of high variance, known as CDRs, play a crucial role in antigen binding. Ig genes contribute significantly to immune function, with recent studies revealing genetic

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Infectious disease diagnostics for COVID-19 involve various factors such as clinical context, reasons for testing, test performance characteristics, and community prevalence. Different testing purposes like diagnostic, screening, and surveillance impact the interpretation of results. Antigen tests d

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The humoral basis of immunity involves the specific reaction between antigens and antibodies, resulting in the formation of insoluble precipitates through a process called precipitation. This reaction plays a crucial role in immune responses against infectious diseases, influenced by factors like af

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Raxibacumab is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody designed to treat and prevent inhalational anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis. It targets the protective antigen component of the anthrax toxin, inhibiting its binding to cellular receptors and preventing toxin entry. Administered via IV infusion, Ra

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Agglutination test is a vital laboratory method for detecting antigen-antibody reactions. It involves a two-step process of sensitization and lattice formation, resulting in visible clumping or agglutination. This test is versatile, providing a semi-quantitative measure of antigen or antibody concen

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Alignment of HPV 16 and 18 E6 and E7 protein sequences, highlighting specific peptide positions. The study focuses on isolating HPV antigen-specific binders with HuTARGTM, optimizing library construction for HPV E6 and E7 binders, and examining the sensitivity and near off-target activity of light-c

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The Virginia Department of Health (VDH) provides recommendations for COVID-19 antigen testing, emphasizing the importance of proper facility accreditation, staff training, and result reporting. It outlines testing scenarios for symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, with guidelines on isolation a

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Blood group and cross matching play crucial roles in determining blood compatibility for transfusion. The presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells, along with antibody reactions, help identify blood types and ensure safe transfusions. Cross matching involves testing donor and reci

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