Understanding Information and Communication Technology
Exploring the realms of information and communication technology, this content delves into the definitions of data and information, how data is stored in computers, the basics of computing, the components of a computer system, and the distinction between hardware and software. It provides insights into the fundamental concepts underlying modern technology and its applications in today's digital world.
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Information & Communication Technology
Data & Information Data can be defined as a raw of facts Represented with the help of characters like alphabets (A-Z,a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters(+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc..) Example : Marks of Physics, Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based. Information has some meaningful values to the receiver. Example : Z-Score of Student Data & Information are relative to the source. Marks of Physics is Data relative to the Student Marks of Physics is Data relative to the Examiner 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 2
How to store data in a computer Computer stores data in the form of bit (0 or 1) Both 0 and 1 represents voltage levels. In human readable way it can be referred as files. Many file types or formats. A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file Ex: Text files - doc, docx, txt, rtf, wpd Data files - csv, dat, xml Audio files - aif, m3u, mp3, wav Video files - wmv, mp4, rm, flv Image files - bmp, jpg, png, tiff 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 3
Computing What is Computing Any goal-oriented activity with data are called computing. designing ,building, processing, structuring, managing various kinds of information What is computer A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data according to set of instructions. Set of instructions are called program. That is computer has the ability to retrieve, process(manipulate) and store data. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 4
Computer System Computer System Hardware Software Liveware Firmware 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 5
Hardware Physical components of your computer such as the system unit (computer), mouse, keyboard, monitor etc Basically, hardware means what is tangible i.e., Something that can be touched and felt. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 6
Software Collection of executable programs with proper documentation and configuration files That makes the computer work. Held secondary storages (Hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD or on Floppy disk) Loaded (i.e. copied) into the RAM (Random Access Memory), as and when executing time. Intangible (cannot be touched and felt) as opposed to hardware. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 7
liveware People using (attached to) computers. Based on the need for a human, or liveware, to operate the system using hardware and software. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 8
Firmware Permanent software programmed into a read-only memory. Software program or set of instructions programmed on a hardware device. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device communicates with the other computer hardware 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 9
Information & Communication Technology (ICT) Use of computer systems for storing, retrieving, and sending information. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 10
Main Parts of a Computer 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 11
Architecture of CPU 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 12
Central Processing Unit The CPU is the brain inside the computer. Main components of CPU Control Unit Directs operation of the processor. Controls communication and co-ordination between input/output devices Arithmetic Logic Unit Digital circuit that performs integer arithmetic and logical operations 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 13
Central Processing Unit Registers Small amount of memory associated with the CPU It uses to store data to be operated. It also accesses and uses the main memory (RAM - Random Access Memory) within your computer. CPU and Main Memory are linked together by Buses. Buses contains sets of parallel electrical conducting lines 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 14
System Bus According to von-neuman architecture there are three buses are used to communicate between CPU and devices those are Control bus Address bus Data bus 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 15
Memory Unit Amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. The storagecapacity are expressed in terms of Bytes. BIT A Binary digIT is logical 0 & 1 Representing a passive or an active state of a component in an electric circuit. Smallest measuring size is Bit 8 bits = 1 Byte 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte 1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte 1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte 1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte 1024 TB = 1 Peta Byte 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 17
Hierarchy of storage Primary storage Directly accessible to the CPU Ex: RAM Secondary storage It is not directly accessible by the CPU Ex: Hard disk Tertiary storage It involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage Off-line storage 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 18
Characteristics of Memory Volatile Memory Requires constant power to maintain the stored information Loose its data when the power of the computer is turned off The fastest memory technologies of today are volatile ones Ex: RAM Non-Volatile Memory Will retain the stored information even if it is not constantly supplied with electric power. It is suitable for long-term storage of information. Ex : Hard Disk 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 19
Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM is the main 'working' memory of the computer. When booting computer, operating system (OS) is loaded from the Hard disk to the RAM. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 20
ROM (Read Only Memory ) Special type of memory chip from which existing software can be read but not written to. Ex: ROM-BIOS chip, which contains read-only software. ROM chip is programmed during manufacturetime Network cards and video cards also contain ROM chips. The ROM contains the program containing the basic functions that a computer should execute when the computer is started 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 21
RAM vs ROM RAM ROM Temporary memory Permanent memory Volatile memory- contents are lost when power is off Read and Write memory Non-volatile memory- contents are not erased when power is off Read only memory Working memory Used to store startup instructions- booting instructions 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 22
Peripheral device External object that provides input and output for the computer There are three different types of peripherals Input Output Storage 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 23
Secondary Storage Devices Secondary Storage Devices Flash memory Online and cloud Paper storage Magnetic Optical Floppy Disk Hard Disk Magnetic strip SuperDisk Tape cassette Zip diskette OMR Punch card Blu-ray disc CD-ROM disc CD-R and CD- RW disc DVD(-R,+R, - RW,+RW) disc Flash Memory card Memory stick SSD Cloud storage Network media 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 24
Floppy Disk Thin magnetic-coated disk contained in a flexible or semi-rigid protective jacket. Data is stored in tracks and sectors. Double sided high density 3.5" disks can hold 1.44 Mb of data. Once data is stored on a floppy disk it can be 'write protected' by clicking a tab on the disk. This prevents any new data being stored or any old data being erased. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 25
Hard Disk Concentric circles on the magnetized surface of the magnetic disks are known as Tracks The tracks on the disk surface are divided into invisible segments known as Sectors Each sector stores a fixed amount of user-accessible data 512 bytes for hard drives 2048 bytes for CD & DVD ROMs 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 26
Solid state drive(SSD) VS hard drives(HDD) SSD hard drive has no moving parts less chance of breakage SSD hard drive uses flash memory can store and access data much faster. less power consumption Easy to install 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 27
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Magnetic tape A magnetically thin coated piece of plastic wrapped around wheels capable of storing data. Tape is much less expensive than other storage mediums it is a much slower solution that was typically only used for backup 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 29
Optical Disk Metallic disk that uses a laser beam for reading and writing. There are Four kinds of Optical Disk: 1. CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) Cannot be written on or erased by user (read-only). 2. CD-R (CD-recordable) or WORM (write once, read many) Can be written to one time only After writing to the disk it cannot be erased by users but can be read many times without deterioration. 3. Erasable optical disks Can be written and erased and reused. Two basic types: a. CD-RW (compact disk re-writeable) b. MO (magnetic optical). 4. DVD(digital versatile disk) similar to CDs. Have a greater capacity of 4.7 gigabytes. 5. Blue Ray Disk Blu-ray beat out HD DVD in the high-definition disc format 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 30
Pen Drives(flash drives) Very high capacity portable devices It can be plugged directly into the USB port Present day pen drives which are about thumb size have gigabytes of memory 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 31
Memory card Alternatively referred to as a flash memory card. Used to store photos, videos, or other data in electronic devices 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 32
Cloud computing Services provided over a network by a collection of remoteservers. This abstract "cloud" of computers provides massive, distributed storage and processing power Can be accessed by any Internet-connected device running a web browser. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 33
Network Storage Media Media is any audio, video, images or text, used on a computer network, like the Internet. It almost always requires a computer to send and receive a community of people to create and consume the content. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 34
OMR(Optical Mark Reading ) Process of gathering information from human beings by recognizing marks on a document. Accomplished by using a hardware device (scanner) that detects a reflection or limited light transmittance on or through piece of paper. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 35
Punch card Punch card containing several punched holes that were punched by hand or machine to represent data. These cards allowed to store and access information by entering the card into the computer. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 36
Memory Hierarchy 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 37
Memory Hierarchy 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 38
Input Devices Any device used to provide data and control signals to the Computer 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 40
Mouse A Mouse is a palm-sized device Used to control the movement of an object on the computer screen called a mouse Cursor, or pointer. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 41
Touch pad Device for pointing (controlling input positioning) on a computer display screen. Alternative to the Mouse. Originally incorporated in laptop computers, Also being made for use with desktop computers. Works by sensing the user's finger movement and downward pressure 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 42
Keyboard The most common way of entering information into a computer. Number of different types of keyboards, including those specially designed to use with Microsoft Windows. Normally we use QWERTY keyboard. "The name "QWERTY" for our computer keyboard comes from the first six letters in the top alphabet row. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 43
Keyboard Typing(alphanumeric) keys Indicator Lights Function Keys Indicator Lights Function Keys Numeric Key Pad Numeric Key Pad Navigation Keys Control keys Navigation Keys Control keys
Scanner A scanner is a device that can read text or images printed on paper and translate the information into a form the computer can use. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 45
Digital Camera vs Web Camera Digital camera Stores images digitally. Once a picture has been taken, it can be transfer to a computer system then edit with a graphics program and printed. Web Camera A video camera, usually attached directly to a computer Takes digital images and transmits them over the Internet. Widely use for chat trough internet. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 46
Microphone Converts sound into an electrical voltage wave or signals. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 47
Output Devices Any device used to send data from a computer to another device or user. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 49
Monitor Monitor is visually interface with the computer Mainly there are two types of Monitors CRT Monitor LCD Monitor LED Monitor Visual Display Units(VDU) display images and text Those are made up of small blocks of colouredlight called pixels. The resolution of the screen improves as the numberofpixels is increased. 9/19/2024 Information Technology Center, University of Peradeniya 50
