- Development of Alternative Methodology for Default Road Load Parameters in Vehicle Testing

- The initiative to develop an alternative methodology for default road load parameters in vehicle testing was led by RDW and ACEA. The process involved multiple meetings, discussions, and proposals, resulting in the acceptance of the concept of a road load matrix family. Various x-factors were adopted, and steps were taken towards drafting proposals and receiving feedback for further refinement. The complexity in the large van segment was also addressed through chassis dyno testing and the use of road load matrix values based on vehicle parameters. Safety margins and calculation methods were standardized for consistent application across different vehicle types.

• - Vehicle Testing
• Road Load Parameters
• Methodology Development
• Vehicle Parameters
• Road Load Matrix

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1. WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Default Road Load Handed over from phase 1a: calculation method for default road load parameters may be used the parameters can be reviewed (based on future data) . Situation: At IWG#7 the RDW (Andr Rijnders) took initiative to develop an alternative methodology for the default RL parameters At IWG#8 (Pune) an initial proposal (hybrid methodology) was presented and discussed At IWG#9 the ACEA Task Force LCV offered to develop the methodology jointly with RDW/TNO At IWG#10 a new initial proposal was presented At IWG #11 Concept of road load matrix family was accepted. Further work in TF. Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 1

2. WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Default Road Load Method for the calculation of road load based on vehicle parameters Road Load Matrix Family (new GTR proposal from TF) Default Road Load (in GTR, no change) Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 2

3. WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Work in the TF TF Leaders: Andr Rijnders (RDW/ NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann (ACEA, replaced Wouter Vandermeulen) TF Members: Rob Cuelenaere (TNO), Iddo Riemersma (T&E), Matthias H lswitt (DAI), Stefan Klimek (DAI), Claudia Walawski (DAI) Meetings Tele web meetings in July and Augusts The WLTP annex 4 meeting on the 27thof August Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 3

4. Actual Situation WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Work in TF Discussion on the remarks from T&E on the safety margin downwards during 11th WLTP IWG; proposal x-factor 0,8. ACEA confirmed downward x-factor 0,8 Adopted x-factors: downward 0,8 and upward 0,95 (no further discussion needed in IWG) Clarification on Road Load Matrix Family (RLMF) / steps in the process GTR Drafting for RLMF Proposal send to Annex 4 TF for comments Proposal send to 12th WLTP IWG (WLTP-12-07 rev1) Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 4

5. Actual Situation WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Complexity in the large van segment Step I Step II input Chassis dyno testing: Emissions and CO2 + Road Load Matrix values for vehicle H and vehicle L Cycle energy is given by Road Load Matrix Family calculations. The Vehicle L and H setting cycle energy based vehicle parameters of mass, average RR and frontal area and not on dedicated rolling resistance and aerodynamics measurements. The interpolation method for CO2 emissions and the fuel consumption for individual vehicle can be used. Interpolation family applicable. Coast down representative vehicle Road Load Matrix Family Coast down representative vehicle Extrapolation calculation method for other vehicle parameters (family) with safety margin: Frontal area Rolling resistance Mass Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 5

6. Process Chart WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family 1 Representative Vehicle Coast Down RL= f0r, f1r, f2r Least Squares regression analyses 2 RL= f0r, f1r, f2r f0r, f2r ?0r= ?0r+ 3 ?1r ???? ?1r= 0.0 ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ? ??? 16 15 ?1r 16 ???? ?2r= ?2r+ f0r, f2r; TM, Af, RR; TMr, Afr, RRr f0ind, f2ind; f0L, f2L; f0H, f2H Road Load Extrapolation 3 Step I ?0= ???((0.05 ? ?0?+ 0.95 ? (?0?? ??/???+ (?? ???) ? 9.81 ? ??)); (0.2 ? ?0?+ 0.8 ? (?0?? ??/???+ (?? ???) ? 9.81 ? ??))) ?2 = ???((0.05 ? ?2? + 0.95 ? ?2? ? ?? / ???); (0.2 ? ?2? + 0.8 ? ?2? ? ?? / ???)) Calculation Cycle Energy (CE) 4 f0ind, f2ind; f0L, f2L; f0H, f2H E1, E2, E3 GTR Annex7: 5.Calculation of cycle energy demand Measurement CO 5 f0L, f2L; f0H, f2H MCO ,H, MCO ,L Step II GTR Annex6: Standard CO2-GTR- Measurement procedure E1,p,E2,p, E3,p MCO -H,p, MCO -L,p CO Interpolation (based on CE) 6 MCO -ind Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter ???? ???,? ??,? ???,? ?3,? ?1,? ?2,? ?1,? 6 ??? ???= ???2 ???,?= ???2 ?,?+ ???2 ?,? ???2 ?,? Weidmann ACEA-LCV

7. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 7

8. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II 1. Coast down of representative vehicle F0r, F1r, F2r 3 meter Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 8

9. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II 1. Coast down of representative vehicle F0r, F1r, F2r 2. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of vehicles L and H F0L, F2L, F0H, F2H (incl. safety margins) Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 9

10. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II Road load with safety margin Road load with safety margin Real road load Real road load 1. Coast down of representative vehicle F0r, F1r, F2r 2. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of vehicles L and H F0L, F2L, F0H, F2H (incl. safety margins) Road load extrapolation formulas: f0= Max((0.05 x f0r+ 0.95 x (f0rx TM/TMr+ (RR RRr) x 9.81 x TM)); (0.2 x f0r+ 0.8 x (f0rx TM/TMr+ (RR RRr) x 9.81 x TM))) f2 = Max((0.05 x f2r + 0.95 x f2r x Af / Afr); (0.2 x f2r + 0.8 x f2r x Af / Afr)) Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 10

11. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II 1. Coast down of representative vehicle F0r, F1r, F2r 3. CO2measurement of vehicles L and H MCO2L, MCO2H (incl. safety marginsStep I) 2. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of vehicles L and H F0L, F2L, F0H, F2H (incl. safety margins) Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 11

12. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II Real CO2value Real CO2value CO2value with safety margin CO2value with safety margin 1. Coast down of representative vehicle F0r, F1r, F2r 3. CO2measurement of vehicles L and H MCO2L, MCO2H (incl. safety marginsStep I) 2. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of vehicles L and H F0L, F2L, F0H, F2H (incl. safety margins) Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 12

13. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II 1. Coast down of representative vehicle F0r, F1r, F2r 3. CO2measurement of vehicles L and H MCO2L, MCO2H (incl. safety marginsStep I) 2. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of vehicles L and H F0L, F2L, F0H, F2H (incl. safety margins) 4. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of individual vehicle F0ind, F2ind (incl. safety margins) Vehicle parameters: Test mass, RR, Frontal area. Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 13

14. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II Road load with safety margin Real road load 1. Coast down of representative vehicle F0r, F1r, F2r 3. CO2measurement of vehicles L and H MCO2L, MCO2H (incl. safety marginsStep I) 2. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of vehicles L and H F0L, F2L, F0H, F2H (incl. safety margins) 4. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of individual vehicle F0ind, F2ind (incl. safety margins) Road load extrapolation formulas: f0= Max((0.05 x f0r+ 0.95 x (f0rx TM/TMr+ (RR RRr) x 9.81 x TM)); (0.2 x f0r+ 0.8 x (f0rx TM/TMr+ (RR RRr) x 9.81 x TM))) f2 = Max((0.05 x f2r + 0.95 x f2r x Af / Afr); Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV (0.2 x f2r + 0.8 x f2r x Af / Afr)) 14

15. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II 1. Coast down of representative vehicle F0r, F1r, F2r 3. CO2measurement of vehicles L and H MCO2L, MCO2H (incl. safety marginsStep I) 2. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of vehicles L and H F0L, F2L, F0H, F2H (incl. safety margins) 5. CO2interpolation for ind. vehicle between L and H MCO2ind (incl. safety margins Step I) 4. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of individual vehicle F0ind, F2ind (incl. safety margins) CO2interpolation formulas: Eind,p EL,p EH,p EL,p MCO2 ind,p= MCO2 L,p+ MCO2 H,p MCO2 L,p Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV MCO2 ind= pMCO2 ind,p dc,p 15 pdc,p

16. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II Real CO2value CO2value with safety margin 1. Coast down of representative vehicle F0r, F1r, F2r 3. CO2measurement of vehicles L and H MCO2L, MCO2H (incl. safety marginsStep I) 2. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of vehicles L and H F0L, F2L, F0H, F2H (incl. safety margins) 5. CO2interpolation for ind. vehicle between L and H MCO2ind (incl. safety margins Step I) 4. Road load extrapolation (RLMF) of individual vehicle F0ind, F2ind (incl. safety margins) CO2interpolation formulas: Eind,p EL,p EH,p EL,p MCO2 ind,p= MCO2 L,p+ MCO2 H,p MCO2 L,p Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV MCO2 ind= pMCO2 ind,p dc,p 16 pdc,p

17. Example WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Step I Step II f0= Max((0.05 x f0r+ 0.95 x (f0rx TM/TMr+ (RR RRr) x 9.81 x TM)); (0.2 x f0r+ 0.8 x (f0rx TM/TMr+ (RR RRr) x 9.81 x TM))) f2 = Max((0.05 x f2r + 0.95 x f2r x Af / Afr); (0.2 x f2r + 0.8 x f2r x Af / Afr)) Eind,p EL,p EH,p EL,p MCO2 ind,p= MCO2 L,p+ MCO2 H,p MCO2 L,p MCO2 ind= pMCO2 ind,p dc,p pdc,p CO2= g/km Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 17

18. WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Output TF road load matrix family: Draft text for amendments to GTR draft A. (New) 5.8 Road load matrix family (general part) technically permissible maximum laden mass 3000 kg. same road load matrix family: (a) Transmission type (e.g. manual, automatic, CVT); (b) Number of powered axles; B. (annex 4) (New) 4.2.1.4: Application of the road load matrix family Representative test vehicle Coast down test : F1 set to zero, coefficients f0 and f2 shall be recalculated with a least squares regression analyses. (same for on-board anemometry, torque measurement ) Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 18

19. WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family (annex 4) 5. Method for the calculation of default road load based on vehicle parameters 5.1. (new) Calculation of road load for vehicles based on a representative vehicle of a road load matrix family (Calculation method for vehicle Lm and Hm (5.1.1) and individual vehicle (5.1.2) introduced) 5.2 Calculation of default road load based on vehicle parameters C. (annex 6) Type 1 test procedure 1.2.3. Test vehicle Correct reference to the calculation method of the RLMF restrictions of CO2 interpolation range not applicable (maximum of 30 g/km or 20 per cent of the CO2) , but the emission criteria of interpolation range are fully applicable Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 19

20. WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family D. (annex 7) Calculations 3.2.4. (new) Fuel consumption and CO2 calculations for individual vehicles in a road load matrix 3.2.4.1. Determination of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of vehicles LMand HM 3.2.4.1.1. Road load calculation for an individual vehicle 3.2.4.1.1.1. Mass of an individual vehicle 3.2.4.1.1.2. Rolling resistance of an individual vehicle 3.2.4.1.1.3. Frontal area of an individual vehicle Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 20

21. WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Output TF road load matrix family: Draft text for amendments to GTR for SG Drafting Document: WLTP-12-07 rev1 Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV 21

22. Summary WLTP-12-24e OI #17: Road Load Matrix Family Thanks Task Force Road Load Matrix Family 22 Andr Rijnders RDW (NL) and Ernst Peter Weidmann ACEA-LCV