Quotation Rules: How to Properly Include and Format Quotes in Your Writing
Learn the essential rules for incorporating and formatting quotations in your writing, including the use of quotation marks, blocking long quotations, employing ellipses and brackets, and integrating signal verbs. Follow these guidelines to enhance the clarity and effectiveness of your quotes within your essays or academic papers.
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Rule One: Use quotation marks around short quotations (< 3 lines): Example: Ehrenreich points out that drug testing is a billion dollar industry. Some companies use drug testing as a kind of informal IQ test (Meisler).
IF YOU DO NOT USE QUOTATION MARKS AROUND QUOTATIONS, YOU WILL BE COMMITTING:
Rule Two: Set up and block long quotations (4+ lines) Example: The number of private companies increased: Private employers . . . Soon followed the government s lead. In its surveys of large employers, the American Management Association found that the share . . . increased from 21 percent . . . to 81 percent. (Sullum)
Rule Three: Use ELLIPSES ( . . . ) when deleting something from inside a quotation. Use BRACKETS [] when adding or changing something in a quotation
Example Example: ORIGINAL SOURCE: Part of the answer has to be that drug testing is now a billion dollar industry, meaning that an awful lot of people have a stake in its health and longevity. QUOTE: Ehrenreich points out that drug testing is [in the 1990s] a billion dollar industry, meaning . . . people have a stake in its health and longevity.
Rule Four: Never let a quotation stand alone in your essay Example: Wrong: Smart drug users have all kinds of ways of foiling the test (Ehrenreich). Correct: Smart drug users have all kinds of ways of foiling the test, according to Ehrenreich.
Use signal verbs with quotations Ehrenreich claims . . . Ehrenreich points out . . . Ehrenreich reasons . . . Ehrenreich believes . . . Ehrenreich asserts . . . Ehrenreich concludes . . . Ehrenreich observes . . . Ehrenreich responds . . . Ehrenreich comments . . . and many more
Rule Five: For quotations inside quotations, change the inner quotation s quotation marks to single marks. Example: The National Academy of Sciences concluded . . . the preventive effects of drug-testing programs have never been adequately demonstrated (qtd. in Sullum).
Rule Six: Mix up style of quotations Examples: Roger Smith claims drug abuse costs GM $1 billion a year ( Workplace Testing ). Drug abuse costs GM $1B a year, says the head of General Motors ( Workplace Testing ). Drug abuse, observes Roger Smith, the head of General Motors, costs GM $1 billion a year ( Workplace Testing ).
Rule Seven: Cite source either in the sentence OR in parentheses at end Example: Sullum points out companies offered little evidence to back up that impression Companies offered little evidence to back up that impression (Sullum).
Citations for Online Sources: Online source with up to three authors, use last names of all: (Smith) (Smith and Jones) (Smith, Jones, and Brown) Online source with four or more authors, use first author plus et al.: (Smith et al.) Online source with no author, use first two words of the title: ( The Title ) (The Title)
