Developing and Implementing a National Radon Action Plan: Key Phases and Considerations

 
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Overview: National Radon Action Plan
Typical timelines and phases
Typical elements of a National Radon Action Plan
Radon Reduction
Radon Prevention
Synergies
Real Estate Transactions
Awareness and Advocacy
Metrics of success
Summary of learning points
Further reading
 
2
 
Requirement 47 of General Safety Requirements (GSR) Part 3
requires government to evaluate existing exposure situations
 
Requirement 50 of GSR Part 3 requires that “
Where activity
concentrations of radon that are of concern for public health are
identified…, the government shall ensure that an action plan is
established comprising coordinated actions to reduce activity
concentrations of radon in existing buildings and in future
buildings
 
Such an action plan should be implemented by the national
authority
 
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WHO 2009
 
 
 
Multi-agency effort
Government-backed
Designated lead
authority
 
A multi-annual action plan
 
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Reference level
Technical standards
Action areas
Draft action plan
Stakeholder
consultations
Planning and co-
ordination
 
Action delivery
Research
Communications
Monitoring and
metrics
Report and review
 
Available data
Targeted radon
surveys
Radon map
Risk assessment
Existing legislation
Resources
 
A multi-annual action plan
 
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Reference level
Technical standards
Action areas
Draft action plan
Stakeholder
consultations
Planning and co-
ordination
 
Action delivery
Research
Communications
Monitoring and
metrics
Report and review
 
Available data
Targeted radon
surveys
Radon map
Risk assessment
Existing legislation
Resources
 
A multi-annual action plan
 
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Reference level
Technical standards
Action areas
Draft action plan
Stakeholder
consultations
Planning and co-
ordination
 
Action delivery
Research
Communications
Monitoring and
metrics
Report and review
 
Available data
Targeted radon
surveys
Radon map
Risk assessment
Existing legislation
Resources
 
A multi-annual action plan
 
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Reference level
Technical standards
Action areas
Draft action plan
Stakeholder
consultations
Planning and co-
ordination
 
Action delivery
Research
Communications
Monitoring and
metrics
Report and review
 
Available data
Targeted radon
surveys
Radon map
Risk assessment
Existing legislation
Resources
 
A multi-annual action plan
 
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Reference level
Technical standards
Action areas
Draft action plan
Stakeholder
consultations
Planning and co-
ordination
 
Action delivery
Research
Communications
Monitoring and
metrics
Report and review
 
Available data
Targeted radon
surveys
Radon map
Risk assessment
Existing legislation
Resources
 
 
Calculating radiation dose due to radon exposure takes
account of:
Radon concentration to which the person is exposed
The ratio of radon to its progeny in the measured
concentration (F-value)
The duration of exposure
The detriment caused by exposure (Exposure dose
conversion factor)
 
10
 
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o
The F-value is variable with local conditions; United Nations Scientific Committee on the
Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) recommends an F-value of 0.6 for radon outdoors
and 0.4 for radon indoors
o
The duration of exposure for homes is calculated on 7 000 hours or 80% of the year
o
Exposure dose conversion factor which is equivalent to 6 millisieverts (mSv) per Working
Level Month (WLM)
 
o
1 WLM = (3 700Bq/ m
3 
x170h) / F-value
 
1WLM = (3 700 × 170)/1.0 = 629 kBq/m
3
 h (at equilibrium, F-value of 1.0)
1WLM = (3 700 × 170)/0.6 = 1048 kBq/m
3
 h (assuming an F-value of 0.6)
1WLM = (3 700 × 170)/0.4 = 1573 kBq/m
3
 h (assuming an F-value of 0.4)
 
o
Where an F-value of 0.4 is assumed for indoor exposure:
o
1 WLM is equivalent to 1 573 (rounded up to 1600) kBq/m
3
 h which is equivalent to 6mSv
o
Therefore 1 mSv is equivalent to 267 kBq/m
3
 h (or 1 600/6) of radon exposure or 38 (rounded up to
40) Bq/m
3
 assuming a 7 000 hr annual exposure period
 
11
 
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Regulatory requirements to test and reduce radon concentrations in
homes intended for rental, applicable to private and state landlords – a housing authority,
homes receiving government grants or tax incentives in relation to energy efficiency – an
energy efficiency authority,
state residential institutions and workplaces – the state asset management authority,
buildings occupied by licensed activities with high - a licensing authority for such activities.
Mandatory or voluntary requirements to check radon concentrations when homes are sold –
collaboration with the judicial services.
Regulatory requirements to test and reduce radon concentrations in workplaces as part of health
and safety requirements -  health and safety authorities.
Government funds available to support testing and remediation either through a dedicated fund
or supplement to other (e.g. home improvement) funds.  Where limited resources are available
funding for remediation should be prioritised.
 
12
 
Regulation
Regulation
 
Routine
Routine
 
Sustainable
Sustainable
 
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18
 
 
 
 
In Europe every home sells
on average every 21 years.
 
Information on radon
concentration could be
requested as a part of the
price estimate or made
available for the potential
buyer upon request
 
 
 
 
Communications Strategy
Identify Critical Stakeholders and Partners
Communicate Goals and Metrics
Develop key messages for each stakeholder group
Use appropriate media for each stakeholder group
 
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Householders
Employers
Employees/unions
Landlords
 
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Builders, architects, etc
Solicitors, insurers, etc
Professional education establishments
Rn measurement companies
Rn remediation companies
 
Local authorities
Health professionals
Central government/agencies
Regulatory body
 
Geology
Civil engineering
Radiation protection
Epidemiology
 
 
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Conceptual spectrum of leading and lagging indicators
 
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(
1
)
 
Where radon concentrations present a public health
concern a (National) Radon Action Plan (RAP) is a
requirement of GSR Part 3.
A RAP is typically a multi-agency multi-year programme,
ideally with a designated lead authority assigned by the
government to co-ordinate among many involved parties.
The RAP starts with evaluation and assessment of the
radon problem, followed by policy development and action
planning, finally, leading to implementation.
The responsible authority can decide the priority actions
and whether they are mandatory or voluntary.
 
 
 
22
 
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(
2
)
 
Where the state funding is limited, it is recommended that
radon remediation and prevention are given priority due to
greater health benefit.
There is potential to align action on radon with action on
energy efficiency in buildings, anti-smoking campaigns, and
workplace health and safety.
Real estate transactions are a known driver of voluntary
testing of private homes.
A communications strategy is required to underpin the RAP.
The RAP should be monitored and regularly reviewed for
successful outcomes.
 
 
 
 
23
 
F
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R
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International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2014). 
Radiation Protection and
Safety of Radiation Sources:  International Basic Safety Standards. General
Safety Requirements Part 3
.
IAEA (2015). 
Protection of the Public against Exposure Indoors due to Radon
and Other Natural Sources of Radiation. Specific Safety Guide. 
IAEA Safety
Standards Series No. SSG-32.
IAEA - A Flowchart for the Development of a National Radon Action Plan
(RAP): 
https://www-ns.iaea.org/tech-areas/communication-
networks/orpnet/documents/FINAL-radon.pdf
World Health Organization (2009). 
Handbook on Radon: A Public Health
Perspective
, Geneva.
Bochicchio et al., (2014). 
National Radon Programmes and Policies: The
RADPAR Recommendations
. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, pp. 1–4.
IAEA/AQ/33: National and Regional Surveys of Radon Concentration in
Dwellings: Review of Methodology and Measurement Techniques
 
24
 
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This learning programme by the International Atomic Energy Agency focuses on the development and implementation of a National Radon Action Plan. It covers the typical elements, timelines, and phases involved in creating such a plan, emphasizing radon reduction, prevention, and synergies with real estate transactions. The plan's requirements, including government evaluation of exposure situations and coordinated actions for radon reduction, are highlighted. Stakeholder consultations, policy planning, implementation strategies, and monitoring metrics are key components in this comprehensive approach.


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  1. International Atomic Energy Agency Learning programme: Radon gas Module 3: Developing and Implementing a National Radon Action Plan

  2. Content Overview: National Radon Action Plan Typical timelines and phases Typical elements of a National Radon Action Plan Radon Reduction Radon Prevention Synergies Real Estate Transactions Awareness and Advocacy Metrics of success Summary of learning points Further reading 2

  3. National Action Plan - Overview Requirement 47 of General Safety Requirements (GSR) Part 3 requires government to evaluate existing exposure situations Requirement 50 of GSR Part 3 requires that Where activity concentrations of radon that are of concern for public health are identified , the government shall ensure that an action plan is established comprising coordinated actions to reduce activity concentrations of radon in existing buildings and in future buildings Such an action plan should be implemented by the national authority 3

  4. National Action Plan - Overview Multi-agency effort Government-backed Designated lead authority WHO 2009 4

  5. National Action Plan Development Phases A multi-annual action plan Evaluation and Assessment Policy and Planning Implementation Reference level Technical standards Action areas Draft action plan Stakeholder consultations Planning and co- ordination Action delivery Research Communications Monitoring and metrics Report and review Available data Targeted radon surveys Radon map Risk assessment Existing legislation Resources 5

  6. National Action Plan Development Phases A multi-annual action plan Evaluation and Assessment Policy and Planning Implementation Reference level Technical standards Action areas Draft action plan Stakeholder consultations Planning and co- ordination Action delivery Research Communications Monitoring and metrics Report and review Available data Targeted radon surveys Radon map Risk assessment Existing legislation Resources 6

  7. National Action Plan Development Phases A multi-annual action plan Evaluation and Assessment Policy and Planning Implementation Reference level Technical standards Action areas Draft action plan Stakeholder consultations Planning and co- ordination Action delivery Research Communications Monitoring and metrics Report and review Available data Targeted radon surveys Radon map Risk assessment Existing legislation Resources 7

  8. National Action Plan Development Phases A multi-annual action plan Evaluation and Assessment Policy and Planning Implementation Reference level Technical standards Action areas Draft action plan Stakeholder consultations Planning and co- ordination Action delivery Research Communications Monitoring and metrics Report and review Available data Targeted radon surveys Radon map Risk assessment Existing legislation Resources 8

  9. National Action Plan Development Phases A multi-annual action plan Evaluation and Assessment Policy and Planning Implementation Reference level Technical standards Action areas Draft action plan Stakeholder consultations Planning and co- ordination Action delivery Research Communications Monitoring and metrics Report and review Available data Targeted radon surveys Radon map Risk assessment Existing legislation Resources 9

  10. Exposure-to-Dose: the basis of the reference level Calculating radiation dose due to radon exposure takes account of: Radon concentration to which the person is exposed The ratio of radon to its progeny in the measured concentration (F-value) The duration of exposure The detriment caused by exposure (Exposure dose conversion factor) 10

  11. Exposure-to-Dose: the basis of the reference level The F-value is variable with local conditions; United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) recommends an F-value of 0.6 for radon outdoors and 0.4 for radon indoors The duration of exposure for homes is calculated on 7 000 hours or 80% of the year Exposure dose conversion factor which is equivalent to 6 millisieverts (mSv) per Working Level Month (WLM) o o o 1 WLM = (3 700Bq/ m3 x170h) / F-value o 1WLM = (3 700 170)/1.0 = 629 kBq/m3 h (at equilibrium, F-value of 1.0) 1WLM = (3 700 170)/0.6 = 1048 kBq/m3 h (assuming an F-value of 0.6) 1WLM = (3 700 170)/0.4 = 1573 kBq/m3 h (assuming an F-value of 0.4) Where an F-value of 0.4 is assumed for indoor exposure: 1 WLM is equivalent to 1 573 (rounded up to 1600) kBq/m3 h which is equivalent to 6mSv Therefore 1 mSv is equivalent to 267 kBq/m3 h (or 1 600/6) of radon exposure or 38 (rounded up to 40) Bq/m3 assuming a 7 000 hr annual exposure period o o o 11

  12. Sustainable Action on Radon Regulation Routine Regulatory requirements to test and reduce radon concentrations in homes intended for rental, applicable to private and state landlords a housing authority, homes receiving government grants or tax incentives in relation to energy efficiency an energy efficiency authority, state residential institutions and workplaces the state asset management authority, buildings occupied by licensed activities with high - a licensing authority for such activities. Mandatory or voluntary requirements to check radon concentrations when homes are sold collaboration with the judicial services. Regulatory requirements to test and reduce radon concentrations in workplaces as part of health and safety requirements - health and safety authorities. Government funds available to support testing and remediation either through a dedicated fund or supplement to other (e.g. home improvement) funds. Where limited resources are available funding for remediation should be prioritised. 12

  13. Elements of an Action Plan Radon reduction (existing buildings) Radon prevention (new buildings) Awareness and Advocacy Government Objective of Reducing Radon Exposure Behavioural Change Synergies Real estate transactons 13

  14. Radon Mitigation (existing buildings) Radon Survey and mapping Radon prone areas or building types or all new buildings Remediation and Re-testing Radon measurement programme 14

  15. Radon Mitigation (existing buildings) contd Radon Survey and mapping Radon prone areas or building types or all new buildings Remediation and Re-testing Radon measurement programme 15

  16. Radon Prevention (new buildings) Radon Survey and mapping Building Standards Radon prone areas or building types or all new buildings 16

  17. Synergies Energy Efficiency Anti- smoking Health and Safety 17

  18. Real Estate Transactions In Europe every home sells on average every 21 years. Information on radon concentration could be requested as a part of the price estimate or made available for the potential buyer upon request 18

  19. Awareness and Advocacy Communications Strategy Identify Critical Stakeholders and Partners Communicate Goals and Metrics Develop key messages for each stakeholder group Use appropriate media for each stakeholder group 19

  20. Some key stakeholders Building Industry Public Builders, architects, etc Solicitors, insurers, etc Professional education establishments Rn measurement companies Rn remediation companies Householders Employers Employees/unions Landlords Researchers Governmental/State Geology Civil engineering Radiation protection Epidemiology Local authorities Health professionals Central government/agencies Regulatory body

  21. Monitoring & reviewing: Metrics Conceptual spectrum of leading and lagging indicators 21

  22. Summary Learning Points (1) Where radon concentrations present a public health concern a (National) Radon Action Plan (RAP) is a requirement of GSR Part 3. A RAP is typically a multi-agency multi-year programme, ideally with a designated lead authority assigned by the government to co-ordinate among many involved parties. The RAP starts with evaluation and assessment of the radon problem, followed by policy development and action planning, finally, leading to implementation. The responsible authority can decide the priority actions and whether they are mandatory or voluntary. 22

  23. Summary Learning Points (2) Where the state funding is limited, it is recommended that radon remediation and prevention are given priority due to greater health benefit. There is potential to align action on radon with action on energy efficiency in buildings, anti-smoking campaigns, and workplace health and safety. Real estate transactions are a known driver of voluntary testing of private homes. A communications strategy is required to underpin the RAP. The RAP should be monitored and regularly reviewed for successful outcomes. 23

  24. Further Reading International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2014). Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards. General Safety Requirements Part 3. IAEA (2015). Protection of the Public against Exposure Indoors due to Radon and Other Natural Sources of Radiation. Specific Safety Guide. IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-32. IAEA - A Flowchart for the Development of a National Radon Action Plan (RAP): https://www-ns.iaea.org/tech-areas/communication- networks/orpnet/documents/FINAL-radon.pdf World Health Organization (2009). Handbook on Radon: A Public Health Perspective, Geneva. Bochicchio et al., (2014). National Radon Programmes and Policies: The RADPAR Recommendations. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, pp. 1 4. IAEA/AQ/33: National and Regional Surveys of Radon Concentration in Dwellings: Review of Methodology and Measurement Techniques 24

  25. July 2018

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