Overview of Research Process and Quantitative Research Phases

 
 
STEPS OF RESEARCH
PROCESS
PREPARED BY:HENSA C A
LECTURER
JMCON
3
RESEARCH
 
PROCESS
It 
is 
a 
step 
by 
step process 
involves identifying,
 
locating,  assessing
and analysing the research question then  developing and
expressing your ideas in order to find  
answer 
and 
ways 
in which
they are carried
 
out.
-
Quantitative research
 
process
-
Qualitative research
 
process
STEPS OF
 
QUANTITATIVE  
RESEARCH
PROCESS
The qua
n
t
i
ta
t
ive 
re
s
e
ar
c
h 
p
roc
e
ss
 
can
 
be
 
broa
d
ly  categorized into the following
 
phases:
 
Conceptual
 
phase
 
Design and planning
 
phase
 
Empirical
 
phase
 
Analytic
 
phase
 
Disseminating
 
phase
CONCEPTUAL
 
PHASE
 
Formulating 
the research
 
problem
 
Review of
 
literature
 
 Determine 
the study
 
objective
 
Developing conceptual
 
framework
 
Formulating hypothesis 
and
 assumption
FORMULATING 
THE
RESEARCH
 
PROBLEM
Generally 
start 
with broad topic area and 
later 
narrowed to
 
specific
topic of the
 
study
PICOT 
model 
guide for 
formulating 
a clinical research
 
question
P- Population
I-
 
Intervention
C- Comparison
 
group
O- 
Outcome 
of
 
interest
T- 
Time
Check 4
 
Dimension
Substantive
 
dimension
Methodological
 
dimension
Practical
 
dimension
Ethical
 
dimension
 
REVIEW OF
 
LITERATURE
A 
literature 
review is 
a 
summary 
of previous
 
knowledge
generated on the topic of
 
study.
Review of literature helps the researcher to understand
what 
is 
already known about the topic and what need
 
to
be further
 
investigated.
The 
sources 
of ROL such as books, journals, research
report, unpublished theses, newspaper, 
magazines,
 
and
electronic data
 
base,
DETERMINING
 
STUDY  
OBJECTIVES
There 
must 
be a clear direction to every research
project  and objectives certainly serve this
purpose. It 
may 
be  general and specific objective
for a research
 
project.
This step 
of 
research process also includes
 
writing
  operational definition of the variables under the
study.
9
DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
The basic aim of 
quantitative 
research in 
most
 
discipline  
is 
to
develop, refine or test
 
theories.
Most 
of the nursing researcher plan to develop a  conceptual
framework 
based on the existing nursing
 
or  non nursing
 
theories.
The conceptual 
framework 
not only provide 
meaning 
to  research
problem but also help in developing
 
hypothesis  
or 
assumptions for
research
 
study.
 
FORMULATING
 
HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis 
is assumed
 
statement
 
suggesting an  
answer 
to a question,
which 
may 
or 
may 
not be
 
true.
It 
is 
a prediction of what 
is 
expected to be
the 
outcome
 
of  the study, which 
is 
either
accepted or
 
rejected
DESIGN 
AND PLANNING
 
PHASE
 
Selecting the research approach and
 
design
Developing intervention protocols
 
Specifying the
 
population
Designing the sample plan
 
Developing tool 
for 
data
 
collection
 
Establishing ethical
 
consideration
 
Finalising the research plan
RESEARCH
 
APPROACH/DESIGN
Research design is the blue print of research study, which enables
 
the
researcher to know on whom, what, when, where, and 
how 
the study  will be
conducted.
Experimental – it 
must 
have three 
characteristics 
that is
 
manipulation,
randomization 
and control
 
group
Quasi 
experimental- 
it involve 
manipulation 
of independent
 
variable  to
observe the effect on dependent variables, 
but 
usually there is  absence of
randomization 
or control
 
group.
Non 
experimental 
– it involve study of research variables without
manipulation 
them in natural 
setting 
for the purpose of
 
description,
exploration, 
explanation, and correlation between two or
 
more
va
r
i
a
bles.
SPECIFY 
THE
 
POPULATION
Research population 
is 
an aggregate of all the subjects or  objects
with specific 
characteristics. 
( E.g.) 
A 
study on  prevalence of health
care associated infection 
among
 
patient  
admitted 
in
 
ICU
DEVELOPING 
TOOL 
FOR DATA
 
COLLECTION
This 
is 
the 
most 
important 
and crucial step of the research  process the
tool 
for 
data 
collection 
depends on several 
factor  such 
as type of
research design, variables, subjects,
 
available  resources and 
time 
for
the
 
study.
The researcher
 
use
 
standardized
 
tool or develop new tool,
 
it
must 
be used after establishing their validity and
 
reliabili
t
y.
ESTABLISHING ETHICAL
 
CONSIDERATION
Obtaining ethical approval from
 
IEC
Taking 
informed 
consent from
 
participants
Obtaining the 
permission 
from 
competent 
authority of
 
a  health
care
 
facility
Maintaining 
confidentiality 
of the
 
information
CONDUCTING 
PILOT
 
STUDY
Pilot 
study 
is 
a kind of 
small 
scale rehearsal on the  subjects, but
these subjects are not a part of the actual
 
study
Pilot study conducted to ensure the 
feasibility 
of the
 
study
and revise 
methodology 
and tool of the
 
study.
EMPIRICAL
 
PHASE
Data
 
collection
Preparation of data for
 
analysis
SAMPLE
 
SELECTION
It 
is 
not 
practically 
possible to conduct study on entire  population.
Therefore researcher 
must 
select
 
representative
Part 
of 
the
 
population
A sample 
can be selected by 
using 
either probability
 
or  non
probability 
sampling
 
techniques.
DATA
 
COLLECTION
It 
is 
most 
time consuming 
steps of research 
process which
involves direct or indirect interaction to get
 
information
Data collection require adequate planning, patience,
communication, 
and
 
IPR. Data could be collect
 
through
questioning, interviewing, or observation
 
methods
 
PREPARING 
DATA 
FOR
 
ANALYSIS
In Quantitative studies careful checking of every tool
 
for
its 
completeness 
and coding 
is 
the 
main 
activity during
this step of research
 
process
It 
must 
ensure that one code specifies only one piece
 
of
information, 
and it should be 
maintained 
carefully to
avoid any
 
error.
Coding can be carried out 
manually 
on a paper sheet, or
computer 
grading sheet or directly in statistical
 
software
 
ANALYTIC PHASE:
 TASKS
ANALYSING 
DATA 
& 
INTERPRETING THE
FINDINGS
In quantitative research studies 
numerical 
data 
must
 
be
organised in an orderly and sequential 
manner, 
and  analysis
and 
interpretation 
of data using appropriate  descriptive and
inferential
 
statistics.
Data 
may 
be analysed either 
manual calculation 
or by  using
statistical 
programme 
for social sciences
 
(SPSS),  
Epi- info,
STATA, 
Minitab
 
PASS.
Data 
is 
presented through tables, graphs, and
 
chart.
 
DISSEMINATION 
PHASE:
 
TASKS
COMMUNICATING 
THE
 
FINDINGS
Research finding 
may 
be 
communicated 
through writing  of
research thesis, 
article, 
or presentation an oral
 
research  report at
scientific
 
conference
UTILIZING THE FINDINGS IN PRACTICE
STEPS IN
 
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 
PROCESS
 
STEPS IN
 
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 
PROCESS
 
 
1.Planning the study
2.Developing data collection strategies
3.Gathering and analysing data
4.Disseminating findings
PLANNING THE STUDY
Identifying the research  problem
Doing a literature review
Developing an overall approach
Selecting and gaining entry into research sites
Developing methods to Safeguard the
participants
DEVELOPING DATA COLLECTION
STRATEGIES
Deciding what type of data to gather and how
to gather them
Deciding from whom to collect the data
Deciding how to enhance the trustworthiness
GATHERING AND ANALYSING DATA
Collecting data
Organizing and analysing data
Evaluating data: making modification to data
collection techniques, if necessary
Evaluating data; determining saturation has
been achieved
DISSEMINATING FINDINGS
Communicating findings
Utilizing findings in practice and future
research
 
 
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The research process involves steps like identifying, locating, assessing, and analyzing the research question to find answers. It includes quantitative and qualitative approaches, with specific phases like conceptual, design, empirical, analytic, and disseminating phases in quantitative research. Essential aspects include formulating the research problem, reviewing literature, determining study objectives, and developing a conceptual framework.


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  1. STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS PREPARED BY:HENSA C A LECTURER JMCON

  2. RESEARCH PROCESS It is a step by step process involves identifying, locating, assessing and analysing the research question then developing and expressing your ideas in order to find answer and ways in which they are carried out. - Quantitative research process - Qualitative research process 3

  3. STEPS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESS The quantitative research process can be broadly categorized into the following phases: Conceptual phase Design and planning phase Empirical phase Analytic phase Disseminating phase

  4. CONCEPTUAL PHASE Formulating the research problem Review of literature Determine the study objective Developing conceptual framework Formulating hypothesis and assumption

  5. FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM Generally start with broad topic area and later narrowed tospecific topic of the study PICOT model guide for formulating a clinical researchquestion P- Population I- Intervention C- Comparison group O- Outcome of interest T- Time Check 4 Dimension Substantive dimension Methodological dimension Practical dimension Ethical dimension

  6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A literature review is a summary of previous knowledge generated on the topic of study. Review of literature helps the researcher to understand what is already known about the topic and what needto be further investigated. The sources of ROL such as books, journals, research report, unpublished theses, newspaper, magazines,and electronic data base,

  7. DETERMINING STUDY OBJECTIVES There must be a clear direction to every research project and objectives certainly serve this purpose. It may be general and specific objective for a research project. This step of research process also includes writing operational definition of the variables under the study.

  8. DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The basic aim of quantitative research in most discipline is to develop, refine or test theories. Most of the nursing researcher plan to develop a conceptual framework based on the existing nursingor non nursing theories. The conceptual framework not only provide meaning to research problem but also help in developing hypothesis or assumptions for research study. 9

  9. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis suggesting an which may or may not be true. It is a prediction of what is expected to be the outcome of the study, which is either accepted or rejected is assumed answer to a question, statement

  10. DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE Selecting the research approach anddesign Developing intervention protocols Specifying the population Designing the sample plan Developing tool for data collection Establishing ethical consideration Finalising the research plan

  11. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN Research design is the blue print of research study, which enables the researcher to know on whom, what, when, where, and how the study will be conducted. Experimental it must have three characteristics that is manipulation, randomization and controlgroup Quasi experimental- it involve manipulation of independentvariable to observe the effect on dependent variables, but usually there is absence of randomization or controlgroup. Non experimental it involve study of research variables without manipulation them in natural setting for the purpose ofdescription, exploration, explanation, and correlation between two ormore variables.

  12. SPECIFY THE POPULATION Research population is an aggregate of all the subjects or objects with specific characteristics. ( E.g.) A study on prevalence of health care associated infection amongpatient admitted in ICU DEVELOPING TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION This is the most important and crucial step of the research process the tool for data collection depends on several factor such as type of research design, variables, subjects,available resources and time for the study. The researcher use standardized tool or develop new tool,it must be used after establishing their validity and reliability.

  13. ESTABLISHING ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Obtaining ethical approval from IEC Taking informed consent from participants Obtaining the permission from competent authority ofa health care facility Maintaining confidentiality of the information CONDUCTING PILOT STUDY Pilot study is a kind of small scale rehearsal on the subjects, but these subjects are not a part of the actualstudy Pilot study conducted to ensure the feasibility of thestudy and revise methodology and tool of thestudy.

  14. EMPIRICAL PHASE Data collection Preparation of data foranalysis

  15. SAMPLE SELECTION It is not practically possible to conduct study on entire population. Therefore researcher must select representative Part of the population A sample can be selected by using either probabilityor non probability sampling techniques. DATA COLLECTION It is most time consuming steps of research process which involves direct or indirect interaction to getinformation Data collection require adequate planning, patience, communication, and IPR. Data could be collectthrough questioning, interviewing, or observationmethods

  16. PREPARING DATA FORANALYSIS In Quantitative studies careful checking of every toolfor its completeness and coding is the main activity during this step of research process It must ensure that one code specifies only one pieceof information, and it should be maintained carefully to avoid any error. Coding can be carried out manually on a paper sheet, or computer grading sheet or directly in statisticalsoftware

  17. ANALYTIC PHASE: TASKS ANALYSING DATA & INTERPRETING THE FINDINGS In quantitative research studies numerical data mustbe organised in an orderly and sequential manner, and analysis and interpretation of data using appropriate descriptive and inferentialstatistics. Data may be analysed either manual calculation or by using statistical programme for social sciences(SPSS), Epi- info, STATA, Minitab PASS. Data is presented through tables, graphs, and chart.

  18. DISSEMINATION PHASE: TASKS COMMUNICATING THE FINDINGS Research finding may be communicated through writing of research thesis, article, or presentation an oralresearch report at scientific conference UTILIZING THE FINDINGS IN PRACTICE

  19. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESS

  20. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESS

  21. 1.Planning the study 2.Developing data collection strategies 3.Gathering and analysing data 4.Disseminating findings

  22. PLANNING THE STUDY Identifying the research problem Doing a literature review Developing an overall approach Selecting and gaining entry into research sites Developing methods to Safeguard the participants

  23. DEVELOPING DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIES Deciding what type of data to gather and how to gather them Deciding from whom to collect the data Deciding how to enhance the trustworthiness

  24. GATHERING AND ANALYSING DATA Collecting data Organizing and analysing data Evaluating data: making modification to data collection techniques, if necessary Evaluating data; determining saturation has been achieved

  25. DISSEMINATING FINDINGS Communicating findings Utilizing findings in practice and future research

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