Ancient Civilizations and Native American Cultures Overview

Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica
Olmec—1
st
 civilization in America
Mayan—calendars based on stars, engineering
and mathematics (Yucatan Peninsula)
Inca—most prominent of these empires.  Empire
stretched 2,500 miles along the mountainous
western coast of South America. (Andes
Mountains) Machu Picchu= famous ancient city
Aztec—conquer other people, huge 
empire,
human sacrifice, tribute
Tenochtitlan= Capitol (Mexico City)
North American Cultures
Hohokam—elaborate system of canals,
world’s first etchings, decorative pottery,
turquoise jewelry
Anasazi—cliff dwellers
Adena—mound builders, woodworking
tools, built canoes and nets, clay pots
Hopewell—built geometric earthworks
Mississippian—new strains of crops, mound
builders
No longer nomadic, become stationary
Native American—West
Southwest: began to leave the cliff sides and build
settlements near waterways for irrigational purposes
Pueblo Tribe-1300
Built near the Rio Grande for irrigational purposes
Pacific Northwest Coast: built totem poles (represents
wealth and status)
Hunted the ocean for; whales, sea otters, and seals
Potlatches=ceremonies where possessions were given away
Great Plains: followed buffalo, tamed horses and
became great warriors
Native Americans—Far North
New inventions to deal with environment
Harpoon
Dogsled
Kayak
boots with ivory spikes
Use whale oil and blubber for fuel
Native Americans—Eastern Woodlands
Hardwood forest and rich soil
Blended agriculture with hunting and gathering
Vast supply of trees lead to using wood for many items
Northeast:
Slash and burn agriculture; also hunt and fish
Live in longhouses and wigwams
Relied on wild animals for clothing and food
Southeast
lived in towns: houses made of mud, thatch or grass
women farmed, men hunted
Grew corn, crops, and beans
Trading Networks
Trade brought tribes in contact with one
another
Elaborate transcontinental trading network
allowing people to trade from all over
Trade routes reached from Mexico to the
Atlantic coast
Land Use- Native Americans did not trade
land. (Regarded as the source of life)
Social Organizations
Division of labor-
the assignment of tasks according
to gender, age, or status—formed basis for social order
The family= 
basic unit of organization among all
Native American groups
Clans- or groups of families descended from a
common ancestor
All families participated in community decision
making
Families that lived in the grasslands would
only reunite to celebrate important occasions
West Africa
Established trade system prior to arrival of
Europeans
mid 1400’s= Europeans arrive
Salt and Gold mines
Camels
Islam arrives from the middle east through
trade
Islam
Founded in Arabia
Muhammad
second largest of the three major
monotheistic religions
Monotheistic= one god
Muslims believe that the Quran is God's
word as revealed to the prophet
Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) through the
angel Gabriel.
Portuguese Arrive
Established trade post on the West African
coast
Gold
By pass trade route across the Sahara
Began the European trade of west
Africans
Slaves used to grow sugarcane
Early Empires
Ghana: West Africa’s first empire, empire
falls because trade shifts
Mali: elaborate government, trade shifts
again
Songhai- power extended across West
Africa
Sunni Ali= never lost a battle
Askia Muhammad= administrative districts
West Africa
Farming, herding, hunting and fishing,
Mining and trading
Collective ownership of land
Skilled at growing rice
Slave Labor
Slavery already exist in West Africa
Not born in to slavery
Not a lifetime punishment
Different than slavery in the Americas
where slavery continued from generation
to generation
Not Portuguese original objective
Forest Kingdoms of Guinea
Surplus food
Traded copper and salt
Benin = dominated a large region around
the Niger Delta
Kongo= West Central Africa
Manikango= Oversaw 4 million people
Government resembled many of the
European governments at the time
Central and Southern Africa
Age carried rank with in the family
Chief
Consulted the council of elders for all decision
making events
Matrilineal- people traced their lineage
through their mother’s family
Lineage ties determined:
Family loyalties
Inheritances
Marriage
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Early civilizations like the Olmec, Maya, Inca, Aztec, and North American cultures such as Hohokam, Anasazi, Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian are explored. The diverse Native American tribes in Mesoamerica, North America, the West, Southwest, Pacific Northwest Coast, Great Plains, Far North, and Eastern Woodlands are examined, highlighting their unique practices, settlements, and innovations.


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  1. Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica Olmec 1stcivilization in America Mayan calendars based on stars, engineering and mathematics (Yucatan Peninsula) Inca most prominent of these empires. Empire stretched 2,500 miles along the mountainous western coast of South America. (Andes Mountains) Machu Picchu= famous ancient city Aztec conquer other people, huge empire, human sacrifice, tribute Tenochtitlan= Capitol (Mexico City)

  2. North American Cultures Hohokam elaborate system of canals, world s first etchings, decorative pottery, turquoise jewelry Anasazi cliff dwellers Adena mound builders, woodworking tools, built canoes and nets, clay pots Hopewell built geometric earthworks Mississippian new strains of crops, mound builders No longer nomadic, become stationary

  3. Native AmericanWest Southwest: began to leave the cliff sides and build settlements near waterways for irrigational purposes Pueblo Tribe-1300 Built near the Rio Grande for irrigational purposes Pacific Northwest Coast: built totem poles (represents wealth and status) Hunted the ocean for; whales, sea otters, and seals Potlatches=ceremonies where possessions were given away Great Plains: followed buffalo, tamed horses and became great warriors

  4. Native AmericansFar North New inventions to deal with environment Harpoon Dogsled Kayak boots with ivory spikes Use whale oil and blubber for fuel

  5. Native AmericansEastern Woodlands Hardwood forest and rich soil Blended agriculture with hunting and gathering Vast supply of trees lead to using wood for many items Northeast: Slash and burn agriculture; also hunt and fish Live in longhouses and wigwams Relied on wild animals for clothing and food Southeast lived in towns: houses made of mud, thatch or grass women farmed, men hunted Grew corn, crops, and beans

  6. Trading Networks Trade brought tribes in contact with one another Elaborate transcontinental trading network allowing people to trade from all over Trade routes reached from Mexico to the Atlantic coast Land Use- Native Americans did not trade land. (Regarded as the source of life)

  7. Social Organizations Division of labor-the assignment of tasks according to gender, age, or status formed basis for social order The family= basic unit of organization among all Native American groups Clans- or groups of families descended from a common ancestor All families participated in community decision making Families that lived in the grasslands would only reunite to celebrate important occasions

  8. West Africa Established trade system prior to arrival of Europeans mid 1400 s= Europeans arrive Salt and Gold mines Camels Islam arrives from the middle east through trade

  9. Islam Founded in Arabia Muhammad second largest of the three major monotheistic religions Monotheistic= one god Muslims believe that the Quran is God's word as revealed to the prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) through the angel Gabriel.

  10. Portuguese Arrive Established trade post on the West African coast Gold By pass trade route across the Sahara Began the European trade of west Africans Slaves used to grow sugarcane

  11. Early Empires Ghana: West Africa s first empire, empire falls because trade shifts Mali: elaborate government, trade shifts again Songhai- power extended across West Africa Sunni Ali= never lost a battle Askia Muhammad= administrative districts

  12. West Africa Farming, herding, hunting and fishing, Mining and trading Collective ownership of land Skilled at growing rice

  13. Slave Labor Slavery already exist in West Africa Not born in to slavery Not a lifetime punishment Different than slavery in the Americas where slavery continued from generation to generation Not Portuguese original objective

  14. Forest Kingdoms of Guinea Surplus food Traded copper and salt Benin = dominated a large region around the Niger Delta Kongo= West Central Africa Manikango= Oversaw 4 million people Government resembled many of the European governments at the time

  15. Central and Southern Africa Age carried rank with in the family Chief Consulted the council of elders for all decision making events Matrilineal- people traced their lineage through their mother s family Lineage ties determined: Family loyalties Inheritances Marriage

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